Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
--
2008
www.phoenixbooks.ru
53(075)
22.3729
444
38
:
.. ,
- ..
:
. .
, . .-. ..
..
38 : : ;
; ;
. / .. . 4-.
/ : , 2008. 443, [1] . ().
ISBN 978-5-222-13962-2
, .
, ,
, . ,
.
53(075)
22.3729
ISBN 978-5-222-13962-2
.., 2008
, , 2008
www.phoenixbooks.ru
1. .
.
. , .
, . , , ,
, ,
, . .
, , . .
,
.
,
. , ,
,
(, ).
.
,
.
, . , 3
www.phoenixbooks.ru
,
.
, . . (), ,
. .
.
, , . . ,
.
, ,
.
(. .
, ): x,
A ( x0), T, , ( ) , ( ).
. .
.
.
,
, .
T t, N , ,
T=
t
N
(1.1)
: .
. .
: :
t x,
t + NT:
x(t ) = x(t + NT ) .
www.phoenixbooks.ru
x(t) t , x(t+NT)
t + NT, N ,
T .
N, t,
,
N
(1.2)
t
, .
. (). : 1 ,
1 .
, , : (), (), (),
1 = 103 , 1 = 103 , 1 = 106 .
(1.1) (1.2) ,
=
1
1
=
T
.
T=
2.
.
,
(. 2-1).
, .
r
mg , , H
FN ,
.
5
www.phoenixbooks.ru
r
FN
0
r
mg
0
r
FN
r
x
r
F
r
FN
r
mg
r
x
r
F
r
mg
. 2-1
.
0
, r
F . a :
a=
.
m
m .
F = kx ,
k , x .
k
x.
m
,
(. . ), .
a =
www.phoenixbooks.ru
a v, v, x,
x :
a = v, v = x,
a = x.
k
k
x x +
x = 0.
m
m
k m
, x =
2
0 =
k
. m
x + 20 x = 0
(2.1)
(2.1) .
, x
t. , x t ,
x = A cos(0 t + 0 )
(2.2)
= 0t + 0,
x = A cos
(2.2)
.
0 =
k
(
m
, ), = 0t + 0
, 0 .
7
www.phoenixbooks.ru
.
,
(2.2):
v = x = (A cos(0 t + 0 )) = 0 A sin(0 t + 0 ) .
(2.3)
(2.3) .
v .
(2.3),
:
(2.4)
v = 0 A cos 0 t + 0 + .
2
. vm :
vm = 0 A
(2.5)
,
(2.3), :
= x
a = ( 0 A sin(0t + 0 )) = 20 A cos(0t + 0 ) .
(2.6)
a .
(2.6),
:
(2.7)
a = 20 A cos(0t + 0 + ) .
, , , ,
am = 20 A
(2.8)
(2.8)
.
, (2.2) (2.1). (2.2) x (2.6), x
(2.2). :
8
www.phoenixbooks.ru
20 A cos(0 t + 0 ) + 20 A cos(0 t + 0 ) = 0 .
, (2.2) (2.1).
,
, . . ,
, . , .
,
, . . 0 = 0.
,
, . .
( t = 0 x = A),
:
x = A cos
x = A cos(0t + 0)
,
, . . t = 0 x = 0,
:
x = A sin
x = A sin(0t + 0)
(2.9)
, .
3. ,
.
.
.
x(t), v(t) a(t),
, . 3-1. (2.1), (2.3) (2.6) 0 = 0.
9
www.phoenixbooks.ru
0 = 0
x = A cos 0t
2
T
4
T
2
3
2
3T T
4
A
v
vm
T
4
vm
T
2
3
2
3T
4
v = vm (cos 0t +
)
2
a
am
T
4
T
2
3
2
3T
4
a = am cos(0t + )
2
am
. 3-1
, ,
, ,
. , 0 ,
. ,
( )
. (2.4) (2.2) , 2
/2.
(. 3-1),
, , . . .
10
www.phoenixbooks.ru
(2.2) (2.7) , .
. 3-2
,
.
. 3-2
, :
,
;
.
0
T ,
0. ,
x(t ) = x(t + NT ) .
x(t ) = A cos(0 t + 0 )
x(t + NT ) = A cos(0 (t + NT ) + 0 ) .
:
A cos(0 t + 0 ) = A cos( 0 (t + NT ) + 0 ) .
,
2N.
0 t + 0 + 2N = 0 (t + NT ) + 0 .
:
0 t + 0 + 2N = 0 t + 0 NT + 0 ,
11
www.phoenixbooks.ru
2N = 0 NT ,
0 =
2
T
(3.1)
(3.1) .
1
= ,
0 = 2
(3.2)
(3.2) .
(3.2) T -
2N
t
, : 0 =
.
N
t
t = 2 0 = N.
0: , , 2.
.
(/).
.
,
. :
= 0 t + 0 ,
2
t + 0,
T
= 2t + 0
(3.3)
, ,
,
x, x, .
0 = 0.
=
2
t.
T
2
= 0 ,
t = 0, t = 0, x = A .
T
12
www.phoenixbooks.ru
T
,
t = , t = , x = 0.
2
4
2
T
= ,
=
2
T
t = , t = , x = A .
2
T
3
2
3
3T
,
, t=
, x = 0.
t=
T
2
2
4
2
t = 2, t = T, x = A .
T
. 3-1 -
= 2 ,
t, T(t = 0; t =
T
;
4
3T
T
; t=
t = T), 2
4
.
, t=
2
,
( ).
, , , .
.
: , , ,
.
().
,
. 0 , ,
. , , . 3-3.
. , =
13
www.phoenixbooks.ru
, T .
20 =
k
,
m
. 3-3
k
(3.4)
m
(3.4) (. .
).
.
0 = 2,
0 =
0
2
1 k
(3.5)
2 m
(3.5) ( ).
, ,
.
=
1
,
T
m
(3.6)
k
(3.6) () .
.
T = 2
14
www.phoenixbooks.ru
, , ,
, , , , ,
,
, ,
.
4. ,
.
F,
, :
F = ma,
(2.6) a = 20 A cos(0t + 0 ) , , ,
F = m20 A cos(0t + 0 ) ,
Fm :
(4.1)
Fm = m20 A
(4.2)
. 4-1, F(t).
, . 3-1.
, F(t) .
. . 2-1 , Wm , -
W.
15
www.phoenixbooks.ru
F
Fm
T T
4 2
3T
4
Fm
. 4-1
W =
x = A:
kx 2
2
kA 2
,
(4.3)
2
, x A.
, , .
Wm =
W =
kx 2
2
16
www.phoenixbooks.ru
(4.4)
, x
(2.2), :
k 2
(4.5)
A cos2 (0t + 0 ) .
2
,
,
W(t) 0t (. 4-1, ).
W(t) .
(4.3) , .
W =
mv2
(4.6)
2
,
v (4.6), :
W =
m 2 2
(4.7)
A sin 2 (0 t + 0 ) .
2
,
W(t)
0t (. 4-1, ).
W(t) .
. 4-1 ) )
.
,
, , , , . ,
(, ,
, ),
. WK m,
,
W =
17
www.phoenixbooks.ru
2
mvm
,
(4.8)
2
m , vm
0.
(4.8) , .
,
, - 0. , . (. 2-1)
, .
,
,
,
.
W.
,
, , . ,
Wm =
k 2
m 2 2
A cos 2 (0 t + 0 ) +
0 A sin 2 (0 t + 0 ) .
2
2
02
W + WK =
k
(. (2.1).
m
W + WK =
20 =
k 2
m k 2
A cos2 (0t + 0 ) +
A sin2 (0t + 0 ) =
2
2 m
kA 2
=
sin2 (0t + 0 ) + cos2 (0t + 0 ) =
2
=
kA 2
= Wmax = Wmax = W.
2
18
www.phoenixbooks.ru
, . ., , .
:
, .
:
W = W m = W + W = W m
(4.9)
2
kA 2
kx 2 mv2 mvm
=
+
=
2
2
2
2
W(t)
. 4-1, . ,
0t.
W =
5.
, . . , .
M R m 0X (. 5-1).
=
T
t=
2 2
4
R=A
=0 t =0
1 1
X
A
m
x
= 2 t = T
3
= A
T
t=
2
=
3
2
t=
3T
4
. 5-1
19
www.phoenixbooks.ru
t =
0
R,
M 0, 0X
0 ( 1). m 0X A
M R. M
, m
0X ,
, 0
R.
t,
, R 0X . . 5-1 , x
m 0 :
x = R cos .
M
T
, t = , T
2
4
, . . M . x m 0
0.
, M
3, , t =
x m A.
T
.
2
3
M 4
4
, ,
3
3T
, t =
. m
2
4
, m 0.
, M,
, 1,
2, x m
A. t = T .
,
R 0X :
20
www.phoenixbooks.ru
= t.
R
m 0, . . m 0X. :
x = A cos t.
t M
1 2,
R 0X 0, :
x = A cos (t + 0).
, M
m. m 0X
x, R
A, M
, T M ,
R, M , 0X .
, t = 0 R
0X 0, .
, M m 0X.
v
. vx ,
1 3, 2 4.
v.
,
1 3,
2 4. vx
(2.4) (2.6).
. 5-1 . , x R = A.
21
www.phoenixbooks.ru
6.
,
( )
, . .
. .
.
. 6-1. ,
, .
, , . , ,
, .
. 6-1
, ,
0 . ,
, .
, , :
x1 = A1 cos 0t
(6.1)
www.phoenixbooks.ru
(. .
). ,
(6.1) (6.2), , .
. . 6-2.
A2
,
1 2,
180
0
0
2
x2
0
x 1=A1 x
X
0.
. 6-2
, 1 2 ,
. :
A = 12 + 22 + 2 1 2 cos 180o 0 .
cos (180 0) = cos 0,
A=
12 + 22 + 2 1 2 cos 0
(6.3)
,
0 (, ,
). 0 = 0, cos0 = 1
(6.4)
A = 12 + 22 + 2 1 2 = (1 + 2 ) = 1 + 2 .
,
, . .
,
(. 63, ). , 1 = 2, = 21, . .
.
0 = 180, cos 0 = 1
2
A=
12 + 22 2 1 2 =
(1 2 )2
= 1 2 .
23
www.phoenixbooks.ru
(6.5)
x
A
A2
x
A1
A2
A1
0
A1
A2
A
0
A
A2
A1
. 6-3
, (. 6-3, ), , . , 1 = 2,
= 0. . ,
(. 6-4)
.
. 6-2 , x ,
x1 x2 :
(6.5)
x = x1 + x2
() 0
()
, H
H
1 , 2
H
.
. 6-4
x:
tg =
Ax
Ox
tg =
x2 tg 0
x1 + x2
,
x = A cos = A cos t,
24
www.phoenixbooks.ru
(6.7)
(6.8)
, ,
. (6.1) (6.8) x(t) :
x=
12 + 22 + 2 1 2 cos 0 cos (t + )
,
Y
X
0
(. 6-5).
, , 0.
. 6-5
:
x = A1 cos t
(6.9)
y = A2 cos (t + 0).
(6.10)
A1 A2 , 0
, , .
, ,
. (6.9) cos t, (6.10) cos (t + 0):
y
x
(6.11) cos (t + 0) =
. (6.12)
2
1
cos (t + 0)
:
cos (t + 0) = cos t cos 0 sin t sin 0. (6.13)
cos t =
sin t =
:
1 cos2 t , (6.11)
25
www.phoenixbooks.ru
sin t = 1
x2
.
A12
(6.14)
y
x
x2
=
cos 0 sin 0 1 2 .
2
1
A1
, x y. , , :
sin 0 1
x2
x2
xy
y2
sin2 0 = 2 cos2 0 2
cos 0 + 2 ,
2
A1 A2
A1
A1
A2
sin2 0
x2
A12
(sin
x2
x
y ,
=
cos 0
A1
A2
A12
0 + cos2 0 2
xy
y2
cos 0 + 2 = sin 2 0 ,
A1 A2
A2
x2
xy
y2
2
cos
+
= sin2 0
0
A1 A2
A12
A22
(6.15)
(6.15) ,
. 0
. , 0 = 0
cos 0 = 1 sin 0 = 0. :
2
x
x2
xy
y2
y
2
+
= 0,
=0
2
2
A1 A2
A2
A1
A1
A2
x
y
=
,
A1
A2
A2
x . A1
mn, (. 6-6).
y =
26
www.phoenixbooks.ru
. 6-6 , :
A = A12 + A22 ,
:
r = A cos t,
r mn
.
0 = 180, cos 0= 1, sin 0 = 0. (6.15) :
2
x
y
A
x2
xy
y2
+
+2
+ 2 = 0,
= 0 y = 2 x.
2
A2
A1 A2
A1
A1
A1
A2
,
mn,
(. 6-7).
A2
n A
A
m
A1
A1
A2
A1
A1
0
m
A
A2
A2
. 6-6
x
n
. 6-7
x2
y2
(6.16)
+
= 1.
A12
A22
(6.16) ,
1 2 (. 6-8).
1 = 2
.
,
27
www.phoenixbooks.ru
x2
y2
= 1 x2 + y2 = 12 A12 A12
(. 6-9).
, , 0 = 90, , .
A2
A1
A1
A1
A1
x
A2
A1
A1
. 6-8
. 6-9
7.
,
, , , ,
. , , , .
,
.
, . .
, , ,
,
28
www.phoenixbooks.ru
, .
(. 7-1, ),
r
mg
H
F
.
(. 7-1, ), ,
r
F
H
F
l H
l
0 xH
H
mg
)
H
mg
r
mg
. 7-1
r
r r
Fp = mg + F
0. ,
l, .
( < 5).
sin = Fp = mg sin = mg.
(7.1)
, . . l . ,
x, l:
x
.
(7.2)
l
x .
(7.2) (7.1), :
=
29
www.phoenixbooks.ru
Fp =
mg
x.
l
(7.3)
mg
, l
m, g l
. ,
, , , k:
mg
= k.
(7.4)
l
:
F = kx.
, ,
, ,
. , ,
r
F .
k .
() 0
k
(7.5)
m
k
0 =
mg
. l
(7.5) k , :
(7.4)
0 =
mg
,
lm
g
(7.6)
l
(7.6) ()
.
0 =
30
www.phoenixbooks.ru
1 g
(7.7)
2 l
(7.7) .
:
0 = 2,
T=
1
,
T = 2
l
g
(7.8)
(7.8) .
. (
):
1- : (. . ) . ,
.
, ;
2- : .
, , .
, . . , ;
3- : ,
T~ l.
4- : ,
31
www.phoenixbooks.ru
1 .
g
(7.7) (7.8)
.
, ,
, .
, , .
l t N ,
g.
(7.8) :
T~
T 2 = 4 2
T =
g=
t
,
N
42
T2
l
,
g
2
2
l= l.
T
2
2N
g=
l
t
(
, ).
.
32
www.phoenixbooks.ru
8.
.
. . 8-1.
,
, , . .
,
,
.
x
H
: mg
H
F .
. 8-1
r
mg ,
, H
r
, mg mg ,
.
.
mg = mg sin
0
a .
maT = mg sin
aT = g sin .
33
www.phoenixbooks.ru
.
, ,
l, . a (. . ),
, . . .
H
F ,
maH = mg cos
, FH
mg cos ma:
ma = FH mg cos
,
mg.
, , ,
. 0 , .
0 ,
mg.
, 0,
.
FH mg
ma = FH mg. , 0 ( , ).
.
, 34
www.phoenixbooks.ru
. . 8-1. , x, ,
0, l:
x
.
l
, ,
sin = .
maT = mg sin ,
x = l, =
g
x.
(8.1)
l
, , , . . H
0, aT
, ,
0 ,
.
, x :
(8.2)
a = x .
(8.1) (8.2), :
a = g =
x =
x +
g
x
l
g
x=0.
l
g
20 (l
g, l ).
:
x + 20 x = 0 .
(2.1),
. ,
. ,
35
www.phoenixbooks.ru
, . . .
t
, . . t = 0 x = A,
x = A cos 0t
, . . t = 0 x = 0,
:
x = A sin t
, .
(0 0) :
x = A cos (0t + 0)
x = A sin (0t + 0)
.
, hm, Wm,
Wm = mghm
0
h, ,
. 0, vm,
Wm, .
Wm :
2
mvm
2
. , . , ,
Wm =
36
www.phoenixbooks.ru
, .
.
.
:
, .
.
:
W = Wm = Wm = W + W
2
mvm
mv2
= mgh +
.
2
2
W , W W , h 0, v
(. . , ).
W = mghm =
9.
. .
,
, ,
, .
37
www.phoenixbooks.ru
, . ,
.
,
, :
k A2
,
2
. ,
, . . 9-1
,
A0
.
A2
.
0
A3
t
A1
.
A 0 > A 1 > A 2 > A 3 ..
,
. 9-1
. 9-1
.
. , , .
, , , , .
.
,
, ,
.
F
F = Fm cos t,
W = Wm =
38
www.phoenixbooks.ru
Fm ,
,
t .
,
,
, .
.
. 9-2
.
0a ,
, ab . 9-2
.
,
0,
( ,
), .
,
,
Fm .
.
= = 02 2 2 .
(9.1)
0 ,
, ,
.
, .
39
www.phoenixbooks.ru
. 9-3 A
. ,
.
=0
3 > 2 > 1
1
2
3
0
0
3
. 9-3
, . . , .
A , , .
.
,
.
, , ,
,
. 40
www.phoenixbooks.ru
,
.
, .
, . . , . , ,
, . . .
,
.
,
.
,
, .
. 9-3 , . .
. . ,
.
(, ), , (. (9.1). = 0
= 0. :
, .
,
, 22
02 (. (9.1),
41
www.phoenixbooks.ru
.
, ,
. , .
,
, .
, . . ,
.
.
,
, ( ). ,
, . .
,
,
0 (. 9-4),
.
,
, . . .
0
,
. 9-4
.
,
, . ,
.
42
www.phoenixbooks.ru
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
( ), .
,
kx, x .
F=
, ,
, . , .
(. 9-5).
. 9-5
F, k, .
,
, . . ,
, .
43
www.phoenixbooks.ru
, .
, , . ,
.
, , .
. ,
.
.
,
.
,
.
10. .
.
, .
, . -
, , ,
, . .
, . .
.
44
www.phoenixbooks.ru
.
, , ,
, ,
, , .
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
(, ).
. ,
: , (), , , ,
, . , ,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
(. 10-1).
45
www.phoenixbooks.ru
. 10-1
,
.
.
, .
, .
, , .
,
, . ,
, , (. 10-2).
. 10-2
46
www.phoenixbooks.ru
. ,
.
, . . (, .), ,
, . .
.
,
( )
(
) .
, , .
, :
( )
( ) ;
, , 2 .
, .
. 10-3 .
r
2
1
. 10-3
47
www.phoenixbooks.ru
, x
. 1-1 ,
, 0 , . . . 2-2 , 3-3
, 2 . .
,
(. . ).
( )
.
,
.
, : ,
.
.
v,
T .
S,
v
t, ,
S = vt.
(10.1)
S , . . t = T. S, T,
,
S = t = T.
(10.1) S , t T,
:
= vT .
(10.2)
48
www.phoenixbooks.ru
.
= 1 ,
T
v
.
(10.3)
.
(10.2) (10.3)
:
=
v=
v =
11. .
, , ,
.
.
, :
x1 = A cos t.
x1 t, A
, .
r , t
,
x = A cos (t t).
x .
t, r
v, :
t =
r
.
v
49
www.phoenixbooks.ru
2
.
T
2r
r
r
= Tv,
2r
x = A cos t
(11.1)
.
,
, . .
. , . .
, :
2r
x = A cos t +
(11.2)
.
, ,
x = x(t),
x t,
r, t ( )
x = x(r,t).
2
k:
k .
= vT,
k=
k=
2
2
=
=.
,
T
vT v
50
www.phoenixbooks.ru
(11.3)
....................................................... 3
1. .
. . ,
.
........................................ 3
2. .
............................................................ 5
3. ,
.
. .
................. 9
4. ,
. ...... 15
5. .......... 19
6. ............................................. 22
7. ..................................... 28
8.
.
............. 33
9. .
.
............................... 37
10. .
. ............................. 44
11. .
.................................................................. 49
12. , .
() .... 53
13. : .......... 55
15.
................................................ 65
16. . .
....................................... 66
17. . .
. .................. 71
"!'
www.phoenixbooks.ru
18. ................................................... 78
19. ....................................... 80
20. .
.
........................ 82
21.
. .
........................................................... 90
22.
.
.
.
...................................... 95
23. ................................ 101
24. ,
............................. 105
25. 108
26. ,
.
......................................... 113
27. ........................ 117
28. ....................... 120
29. .................................................... 121
30. . .
................................................. 125
31.
. ....... 131
32. . ............. 136
33. . .
.
........................ 143
34. ......................... 149
35.
.............................................. 152
36. .
.................... 156
37. .. ......................... 158
""
www.phoenixbooks.ru
38. .
............................ 160
39. ....................................... 164
40. ........................................ 167
....................................................... 171
41. ......... 171
42. .................................... 173
43. ............................ 177
44. .......................................... 180
45. ................................................. 184
46. .......................................... 187
47. ................................................ 188
48. ..................................... 192
49. ............................................. 195
50. . .
........................ 197
51. . ................................ 200
52. .............................................. 205
............................................ 210
53. .
.
............................................................... 210
54. .
.................................. 213
55. ................................................. 216
56. ........................................... 218
57. .
............................ 221
58. .... 224
59. .
.......... 228
60. .
............................ 231
61. .......... 233
62. ........................... 235
63. . ......... 237
64. ....................................... 243
""
www.phoenixbooks.ru
................................................................ 272
73.
:
................................. 272
74. : ,
, ............................................. 273
75. .......................................... 276
. 278
76. .
................................... 278
77. ......................................... 286
78.
. .............................. 287
79. ...................... 294
80. .... 296
81. ..................................... 298
82.
:
....................................... 302
83. .... 306
84. ...................................... 310
85. ...... 312
....................................... 317
86. . - ..... 317
87. . ... 322
88. ............................ 328
""
www.phoenixbooks.ru
............................................................ 343
94. .
- ........ 343
95. ()
................................................... 347
96. . .
.
. ............................ 349
.............................. 358
97. .
................................................ 358
98. ......... 361
99. . .......... 364
100. ... 367
101.
............................................................. 372
102. ................................................... 374
103. .
.. ................................................. 376
104. ................................................................. 380
.............................................. 385
105. .
. ................................. 385
106. .............................................. 389
107. .............................. 390
108. . ... 393
109. .
.
............................................................... 396
110. ............................................. 401
""!
www.phoenixbooks.ru
111. .
. .......... 403
112. .
, .
.................... 407
113. .... 412
114. ................................................ 417
115. ........................................ 420
116. ................................................ 424
117. ........................................ 428
118. .................... 430
119. .
..... 434
.
.
. , .
.
10.04.2008. 09.06.2008.
84108 1/32. 2.
NewtonC. .
. . . 23,52. 3000 .
344082, . --, . , 80
.
344019, . --, . , 57.
"""
www.phoenixbooks.ru