A

Q
N

E
B

KNkmkarniBnnigeroberog
elak

lwm pln nig elak Esn Bisid

KNkmkarRtYtBinit

elak
elak
elak
elak

lwm qun
Tit em:g
RBwm sunit
elak nn; suxNa

elak Gwug sMNag

GkRsI Tuy rINa
elak pl bunqay

GkRtYtBinitGkraviruT
elak lwm miKsir

karIkMuBTr

GkrcnaRkb

kBaa lI KuNaka

elak lwm pln

-i-

Garmfa
esovePA sikSaKNitviTaedayxng Epk FrNImaRtGWKIt
EdlGksikSakMBugkan;sikSaenAkgdenH eyIgxJM)anxitxMRsavRCavcgRkgeLIg
kgeKalbMNgTukCaksa sikSabEnmelIemeroncMnYnkMupicedayxng .
enAkgesovePAenHrYmmanbICMBUkKW CMBkU TI1 emeronsegbPab;CamYy]TahrN_KMrU
CMBUkTI2 lMhat;eRCIserIsnigdMeNaHRsay nig CMBUkTI3 CalMhat;Gnuvtn_ .
esovePAenHminlhYseK hYsgenaHeT kMhusedayGectnaR)akdCaman
GaRsyehtuenH eyIgxJMCaGkniBn nig eroberog rgcaMCanicnUvmtiriHKn;BIsMNak;
GksikSakgRKb;mCdanedaykIrIkray edIm,IEklMGesovePAenH[kan;Etman
suRkitPaBbEnmeTot .
CaTIbBab;eyIgxJMsUmCUnBrcMeBaHGksikSaTaMgGs;CYbEtsuPmgl suxPaBl
nigTTYlCyCMnkgkarsikSa nig muxrbrkargar RKb;eBlevla .

tdMbgfTI 30 mIna 2011

GkniBn lwm pln

Tel : 017 768 246
www.mathtoday.wordpres.com
- ii -

lwm pln nig Esn Bisid

rkasiTiRKbyag
- iii -

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;
CMBUkTI1

RTwsIbTsMxan;
1-RTwsIbTkUsIunUs ( The law of sines )
cMeBaHRtIekaN ABC manRCug BC a , AC b , AB c
carwkkgrgVg;pit O kaM R eK)an sina A sinb B sinc C 2R .

sRmaybBaak;

O
C

sg;Ggt;pit BD 2R enaHeK)an BAD 90o mMucarwkknHrgVg;

AB
c
kgRtIekaNEkg ABD eKman sin D BD

2R
eday ADB ACB mMucarwkkgrgVg;sat;edayFrrYm AB
eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 1

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

eK)an sin C 2cR b sinc C 2R .

RsaydUcKaEdreK)an sina A 2R nig sinb B 2R
dUcenH sina A sinb B sinc C 2R .
RTwsIbTenHBitCaniccMeBaHmMu A , B , C CamMuRsYc b mMuEkg b mMuTal .
2-rUbmncMeNalEkg (Projection Formula )
kgRKb;RtIekaN ABC eKman
a b cos C c cos B
b c cos A a cos C
c a cos B b cos A

sRmaybBaak;
A

sg;km<s; AH nRtIekaN ABC .

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 2

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

eKman BC BH HC
kgRtIekaNEkg ABH nig AHC eKman
BH BH
enaH
BH c cos B
cos B

AB
c
HC HC
enaH HC b cos C

AC
b
BC c cos B b cos C eday BC a

cos C

ehtuenH
dUcenH a b cos C c cos B .
cMeBaHrUbmnBIreTotRsaydUcrebobxagelIenHEdr .
3-RTwsIbTkUsIunUs
kgRKb;RtIekaN ABC eKman
a 2 b 2 c2 2bc cos A
b 2 c2 a 2 2ca cos B
c2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos C

sRmaybBaak;

tamrUbmncMeNalEkgeKman

a b cos C c cos B

b c cos A a cos C b
c a cos B b cos A

a 2 ab cos C ac cos B

2
b bc cos A ab cos C
2
c ac cos B bc cos A

eFIVplbUksmIkarBIrenHGg nig GgeK)an

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 3

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

b a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
cMeBaHrUbmnBIreTotRsaydUcKaxagelIEdr .
4-RTwsIbTemdan
kgRKb;RtIekaN ABC EdlmanRCug a , b , c nigemdanRtUvKa
ma , mb , mc eKman
a 2 b 2 c2 2bc cos A

b 2 c2 a2

4
2

c2 a2 b 2

2
4

a2 b 2 c2

2
4

ma

mb
mc

sRmaybBaak;

sg;emdan AK ma
eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 4

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

tamRTwsIbTkUsIunUskgRtIekaN ABK
AK 2 AB 2 BK 2 2 AB.BK cos B
2
2
a
2
2 a
2 a
b ma c 4 2c. 2 cos B c 4 ac cos B (1)
tamRTwsIbTkUsIunUskgRtIekaN AKC
AK 2 AC2 KC2 2 AC.KC cos C
2
2
a
2
2 a
2 a
b mb b 4 2b. 2 cos C b 4 ab cos C (2)
bUksmIkar (1) & (2) eK)an

a2
2ma b c
a(c cos B b cos C)
2
Et c cos B b cos C a rUbmncMeNalEkg
2

2
a2
2
2
2 a
enaH ma b c 2 a b c 2
2
2
a2
2 b c
dUcenH ma 2 4 .
2

4-RTwsIbTLibnic Leibnizs theorem

kgRKb;RtIekaN ABC EdlmanRCug a , b , c ehIy O CapitrgVg;carwkkg
a2 b 2 c2
2
2
nig G CaTIRbCMuTmn;nRtIekaNenaHeKman OG R 9
.
eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 5

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

sRmaybBaak;
A

O
G
B

sg;dan AK nig BL kat;KaRtg; G .

tag OGA enaH OGK
tamRTwsIbTkUsIunUskgRtIekaN OGA
OA 2 OG 2 GA 2 2OG .GA cos
OG 2 GA 2 OA 2
(1)
eKTaj cos
2OG .GA
tamRTwsIbTkUsIunUskgRtIekaN OGK

OK OG 2 GK 2 2OG .GK cos( )

OK 2 OG 2 GK 2 2OG .GK cos

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 6

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;
OK 2 GK 2 OG 2
eKTaj)an cos
2OG .GK
pwm (1) nig (2) eK)an

( 2)

OG 2 GA 2 OA 2 OK 2 GK 2 OG 2

2OG .GA
2OG .GK
GA
OG 2 GA 2 OA 2
(OK 2 GK 2 OG 2 )
GK
edayeKman OA R , GA 23 AK 23 ma , GK 13 AK 13 ma
2
2
2 a
kgRtIekaNEkg OCK : OK R 4 BItaKr
2
2
2 4
2
2 a
eK)an OG 9 ma R 2(R 4 19 ma2 OG 2 )
2
2 a
2
2 2
b 3OG 3R 3 ma 2
2
2
a2
2 b c
tamRTwsIbTemdan ma 2 4
2
2
a2 a2
2
2 2 b c
ehtuenH 3OG 3R 3 ( 2 4 ) 2
2
2
2
2
2 a b c
3OG 3R
3

dUcenH

a2 b 2 c2
OG R
9
2

eroberogeday lwm pln

.
TMBr 7

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

5-RTwsIbT Stewart Stewart's Theorem

eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug a , b , c .
P CacMNucmYyn AB Edl PA m , PB n nig m n c .
eK)an ma 2 nb 2 (m n).PC2 mn 2 nm 2 .
smal;eKehARTwsIbT Stewart dUcKanwgRTwsIbT Apollonius
(Apollonius' theorem).
sRmaybBaak;
C

m
A

n
P

tamRTwsIbTkUsIunUscMeBaHRtIekaN PAC nig PBC eKman

AC2 PC 2 PA 2 2PC.PA cos Edl APC
BC2 PC 2 PB 2 2PC.PB . cos

eday AC b , BC a , PA m , PB n
eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 8

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

eK)an b2 PC2 m2 2mPC. cos

nig a2 PC2 n2 2nPC cos
ehtuenH nb 2 ma 2 (m n)PC2 m2n mn 2
dUcenH ma 2 nb 2 (m n).PC2 mn 2 nm 2 .
6-pRkLanRtIekaN

k>krNIsal;RCug nig km<s;

kgRKb;RtIekaN ABC EdlmanRCug a , b , c nigkm<s; ha , hb , hc

1
1
1
S
a
h
b
h
eK)anpRkLa 2 a 2 b 2 c hc .

x>krNIsal;RCugBIr nig mMumYy

RTwsIbT pRkLan ABC kMNt;eday

1
1
1
S bc sin A ca sin B ab sin C .
2
2
2

sRmaybBaak;A

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 9

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

eKman S 12 AH.BC 12 a ha
h
a b ha b sin C
kgRtIekaNEkg AHC eKman sin C AH
AC b

dUcenH S 12 ab sin C .
smal;
tamRTwsIbTsIunUseKman sin C 2cR Edl R CakaMrgVg;carwkeRkARtIekaN
ehtuenH S 12 ab sin C 12 ab. 2cR abc
.
4R
dUcenH S 12 bc sin A 12 ca sin B 12 ab sin C abc
.
4R

K>rUbmnehr:ug
RTwsIbT pRkLan ABC edaysal;RCugTaMgbI a , b , c
kMNt;eday S

p(p a )(p b )(p c)

sRmaybBaak;

Edl p a b2 c

tamrUbbmn S 12 bc sin A (1)

eKman sin2 A 1 cos2 A
eday a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
b 2 c2 a2
enaH cos A 2bc

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 10

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;
b 2 c2 a2 2
eK)an sin A 1 ( 2bc )
4b 2c2 (b 2 c2 a 2 )2

4b 2c2
2

[(b c)2 a 2 ][a 2 (b c)2 ]

4b 2c2
(b c a )(b c a )(a b c)(a b c)
4b 2c2

tag p a b2 c CaknHbrimaRtn ABC

a b c 2p
b c a 2(p a )
enaHeK)an a b c 2(p c)

a b c 2(p b )
eK)an sin2 A 16p(p a)(p2 2 b)(p c)
4b c
eKTaj sin A bc2 p(p a)(p b)(p c) (2)
yk (2) CYskg (1) eK)an
1
2
S bc
p(p a )(p b )(p c)
bc
2
dUcenH S p(p a)(p b)(p c) .

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 11

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

X>RkLapRtIekaNCanuKmn_nknHbrimaRt nig kaMrgVg;carwkkg

RTwsIbT pRkLan ABC Edlman p CaknHbrimaRt nig r CakaM
nrgVg;carwkgnRtIekaNkMNt;eday S pr .

sRmaybBaak;

A
K
L
I

tag I CapitrgVg;carwkkgRtIekaN ABC ehIy H , K , L CacMnucb:Hrvag

rgVg;carwkkgRtIekaN CamYyRCug BC , CA , AB erogKa .
pRkLan ABC kMNt;eday

1
1
1
abc
S SIBC SICA SIAB ar br cr
.r
2
2
2
2
tag p a b2 c enaH S pr .

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 12

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

7-kaMrgVg;carwkkg nig kaMrgVg;carwkeRkAnRtIekaN

eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug a , b , c ehIytag p a b2 c .
tag r nig R erogKaCakaMrgVg;carwkkg nig kaMrgVg;carwkeRkAn ABC
tamrUbmnpRkLanRtIekaN ABC eK)an
abc
p(p a )(p b )(p c)
4R
(p a )(p b )(p c)
r
p
abc
R
.
4 p(p a )(p b )(p c)

S pr

dUcenH
nig

8-TMnak;TMngqHnRCugrbs;RtIekaNmYy
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug a , b , c .
RbEvgRCug a , b , c manTMnak;TMngqHCaGnuKmn_n r , R , p dUcxageRkam
(1)
a b c 2p

2
2
( 2)
ab bc ca p r 4rR
abc 4prR
( 3)

)annyfa a , b , c CabsnsmIkardWeRkTIbI

tamRTwsIbTEvt .
cMeBaHTMnak;TMng (2) nig (3) GacRsaybBaak;dUcxageRkam
x 3 2px 2 (p 2 r 2 4rR )x 4prR 0

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 13

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;
(p a )(p b )(p c)
p
eK)an r 2 (p a)(p p b)(p c)

tamrUbmn

p 3 (a b c)p 2 (ab bc ca)p abc

r
p
eday a b c 2p ehIy S abc
pr enaH abc 4prR
4R
3
3
2 p 2p (ab bc ca )p 4prR
ehtuenH r
p
2

r 2 p 2 ab bc ca 4rR

dUcenH ab bc ca p2 r 2 4rR .
smal;
eKman (a b c)2 a2 b2 c2 2ab 2bc 2ca
eK)an a2 b2 c2 (a b c)2 2(ab bc ca)
( 2p )2 2(p 2 r 2 4rR )
2p 2 2r 2 8rR

dUcenH a2 b2 c2 2p2 2r 2 8rR (4)

ehIy (a b)(b c)(c a) (a b c)(ab bc ac) abc
2p(p 2 r 2 4rR ) 4prR
2p(p 2 r 2 2rR )

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 14

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

dUcenH (a b)(b c)(a c) 2p(p2 r 2 2rR ) (5)

tamsmPaB (a b c)3 a3 b3 c3 3(a b)(b c)(a c)
eK)an a3 b3 c3 (a b c)3 3(a b)(b c)(a c)
( 2p )3 6p(p 2 r 2 2rR )
2p(4p 2 3p 2 3r 2 6rR )
2p(p 2 3r 2 6rR )

dUcenH a3 b3 c3 2(p3 3pr 2 6prR ) (6)

]TahrN_ kgRKb;RtIekaN ABC cUrRsayfa
r
cos A cos B cos C 1
r nig R tagerogKa
Edl
R
CargVas;kaMrgVg;carwkkg nig kaMrgVg;carwkeRkAnRtIekaN ABC .

dMeNaHRsay

tamRTwsIbTkUsIunUsGnuvtn_kgRtIekaN ABC eK)an

b 2 c2 a2 c2 a 2 b 2 a2 b 2 c2

cos A cos B cos C

2bc
2ac
2ab

(a b c)(a2 b2 c2 ) 2(a3 b3 c3 )

2abc
a b c 2p

edayCMnYs
ehIy a2 b2 c2 2p2 2r 2 8rR
nig
a 3 b 3 c 3 2(p 3 3pr 2 6prR )
eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 15

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

eK)an
2p( 2p 2 2r 2 8rR ) 4(p 3 3pr 2 6prR )
cos A cos B cos C
8prR

2p( 2p 2 2r 2 8rR 2p 2 6r 2 12rR )

8pRr
4rR 4r 2
r

1
4rR
R
r
cos A cos B cos C 1
.
R

dUcenH
9-RTwsIbTGWEl
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug a , b , c . tag I CapitnrgVg;carwk
kgnRtIekaNenH . cMeBaHRKb;cMnuc X nbg;eKmanTMnak;TMng
a.XA2 b.XB2 c.XC2 (a b c) . XI 2 abc .

sRmaybBaak;

I
B

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 16

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

kgtRmuyGrtUnrm:al; (Bxy) eKman

.
CaknHbrimaRt
tag CakaMrgVg;carwkkg nig
nRtIekaN
enaHeK)an
.
ebI S CapRkLanRtIekaN ABC enaHeKman
S p(p a )(p b )(p c) pr rUbmnehr:ug
elIkCakaereKTaj)an r (p a)(p p b)(p c)
tag X( x ; y ) CacMnucNakedaynbg; .
tag M a.XA2 b.XB2 c.XC2
nig N (a b c).XI2 abc eK)an
B(0 ; 0 ) ; C(a , 0 ) ; A( c cos B ; c sin B )
abc
r
p
2
ABC
I( p b ; r )

M aXA2 bXB2 cXC2

a[ ( x0 c cos B )2 ( y 0 c sin B )2 ] b( x0 2 y 0 2 ) c[( x0 a)2 y 0 2 ]
(a b c)( x0 2 y 0 2 ) 2acx0 (1 cos B ) 2acy 0 sin B ac2 a 2c
2p( x0

a2 c2 b 2
y 0 ) 2acx0 (1
) 4y 0S a 2c ac 2
2ac
2

2p( x0 2 y 0 2 ) x0 ( 2p )( 2p 2b ) 4y 0S a 2c ac2
2p( x0 2 y 0 2 ) 4px0 (p b ) 4y 0S a 2c ac2

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 17

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

ehIy N (a b c) XI

abc

2p ( x 0 (p b ))2 ( y 0 r )2 abc
2p( x 0 2 y 0 2 ) 4x 0p(p b ) 4y 0pr 2p(p b )2
2pr 2 abc
2p( x 0 2 y 0 2 ) 4px 0 (p b ) 4y 0S 2p(p b )2
2p

(p a )(p b )(p c)
abc
p

2p( x 0 2 y 0 2 ) 4px 0 (p b ) 4y 0S 2p(p b )2

2(p a)(p b )(p c) abc

yk T 2p(p b)

2(p a )(p b )(p c) abc

2(p b )[p 2 pb p 2 (a c)p ac] abc

2(p b )[2p 2 (a b c)p ac] abc
2ac(p b ) abc ac( 2p 2b b ) ac(a c)
a 2c ac 2
eKTaj N 2p(x02 y 02 ) 4px0 (p b) 4y 0S a2c ac2

edaykenSam M N naM[eKTaj)an
a.XA 2 b.XB 2 c.XC2 (a b c) XI 2 abc

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 18

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

10-cmayrvagpitrgVg;carwkkg nig pitrgVg;carwkeRkAnRtIekaN

RTwsIbT

eK[RtIekaN ABC mYyEdl O CapitrgVg;carwkeRkA nig I CapitrgVg;carwk

kg . ebI R nig r CargVas;kaMrgVg;carwkkg nig kaMrgVg;carwkeRkAnRtIekaNenaH
eK)an OI 2 R 2 2Rr b d OI R(R 2r ) .

sRmaybBaak;

tamRTwsIbTGWEleyIg)an
a.OA 2 b.OB 2 c.OC 2 (a b c) OI 2 abc
abc
OA OB OC R
p
2
abc
2p R 2 2p .d 2 abc
d2 R 2
2p
abc
abc
2rR
S pr
2p
4R

eday
eK)an

nig
naM[

tamrUbmnpRkTLa
eKTaj
dUcenH d R 2rR R(R 2r ) b d
2

eroberogeday lwm pln

Edl d OI .

R ( R 2r )

TMBr 19

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

11-cmayBIpitrgVg;carwkkgeTAkMBUlnRtIekaN
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug a , b , c .
ebI I CapitrgVg;carwkkgnRtIekaNenaHeK)an
IA

pa
pb
pc
.bc , IB
.ac , IC
.ab
p
p
p

sRmaybBaak;
A

tamRTwsIbTGWElcMeBaHRKb;cMnuc X eKman
a.XA2 b.XB2 c.XC2 (a b c).XI 2 abc

ebI X A enaHeK)an
a.AA 2 b.AB 2 c.AC2 (a b c).AI 2 abc
bc 2 cb 2 (a b c).AI 2 abc

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 20

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

eKTaj)an AI 2 bca(bbcca) bc(22pp 2a)

dUcenH AI

pa
.bc
p

. cMeBaHrUbmnBIreTotRsaydUcKa .

smal;
eKman IA
eK)an

pa
pb
pc
.bc , IB
.ac , IC
.ab
p
p
p
pa pb pc

a.IA 2 b.IB 2 c.IC2 abc(

p
p
p
p a p b p c 3p (a b c) 3p 2p

p
p
p
p
p

eday
dUcenH a.IA 2 b.IB2 c.IC2 abc .
12-kenSamRtIekaNmaRt sin A2 , cos A2 , tan A2
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug a , b , c nigknHbrimaRt p .
eKmanTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkam
A
(p b )(p c)

2
bc
A
p( p a )
A
(p b )(p c)
cos
, tan
2
bc
2
p(p c )
sin

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 21

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

sRmaybBaak;
A
K
L
I

r
kgRtIekaNEkg IAL eKman sin A2 IIAL IA

pa
(p a )(p b )(p c)
IA
ni
g
.bc
p
p
(p a )(p b )(p c)
p
(p b )(p c)

eK)an sin A2
pa
bc
.bc
p
dUcenH sin A2 (p bbc)(p c) . dUcKaEdreKmanTMnak;TMng
B
(p a )(p c)
C
(p a )(p b )
sin
sin
ni
g
.
2
ac
2
ab

eday r

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 22

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

ma:geToteKman S 12 bc sin A bc sin A2 cos A2

A
S
p(p a )(p b )(p c)

eKTaj cos 2
A
(p b )(p c)
bc sin
bc
2
bc
dUcenH cos A2 p(pbc a) . RsaydUcKaEdreK)an
B
p(p b )
C
p( p c )
cos
cos
ni
g
.
2
ac
2
ab
(p b )(p c)
A
A sin 2
eKman tan 2 A p(pbc a) (p p(bp)(pa) c)
cos
2
bc

RsaydUcKaEdreK)anTMnak;TMng
B
(p a )(p c)
C
tan
tan
ni
g
2
p( p b )
2

(p a )(p b )
p( p c )

13-RTwsIbTknHbnat;BuHkgnmMumYyrbs;RtIekaN
eK[RtIekaN A , B , C manRCug a , b , c .
ebI A , B , C CaknHbnat;BuHkgnmMu A , B , C enaHeK)an
A

2bc
A
2ac
B
2ab
C
cos , B
cos , C
cos
bc
2
ac
2
ab
2

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 23

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

sRmaybBaak;
A

A
B

pRkLanRtIekaN ABC KW
S S ABK S AKC

1
A 1
A
1
bc sin A c A sin b A sin
2
2
2 2
2
eKTaj)an A bc sin A A eday sin A 2 sin A2 cos A2
(b c) sin
2
A
dUcenH A b2bc
.
cos
c
2
RsaydUcKaEdreK)an B a2acc cos B2 , C a2abb cos C2 .

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 24

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

14-kenSamkaMrgVg;carwkkgnRtIekaNmYy
eK[RtIekaN A , B , C manRCug a , b , c nigknHbrimaRt p .
ebI r CakaMrgVg;carwkkgRtIekaN ABC enaHeK)an
C
B
A
.
r (p a ) tan (p b ) tan (p c) tan
2
2
2

sRmaybBaak;

A
K
L
I

tag AL AK x , BL BH y ,CH CK z
eK)an

x y c

y z a
z x b

naM;[ 2(x y z ) a b c 2p

eKTaj x y z p enaH
eroberogeday lwm pln

x p (y z ) p a

y p ( z x) p b
z p (x y ) p c

TMBr 25

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

dUcenH AK AL p a , BL BH p b
nig CH CK p c .
IL
r

kgRtIekaNEkg ALI eKman tan A2 AL

pa
eK)an r (p a) tan A2 . RsaydUcKaEdreK)an
r (p b ) tan

B
2

nig r (p c) tan C2

dUcenH r (p a) tan A2 (p b) tan B2 (p c) tan C2 .

smal;

pRkLanRtIekaN ABC GacKNnatamrUbmn

S pr p(p a ) tan

B
C
A
p(p b ) tan p(p c) tan
2
2
2

15-kenSamkaMrgVg;carwkkgmMumYynRtIekaN

RTwsIbT

eK[RtIekaN A , B , C manRCug a , b , c nigknHbrimaRt p .

ebI rA CakaMrgVg;carwkkgmMu A nRtIekaN ABC enaHeK)an
A pc pb

.
rA p tan
B
C
2
tan

eroberogeday lwm pln

tan

TMBr 26

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

sRmaybBaak;

H
A

rA
B

eKman AK AC CK AC CH nig AL AB BL AB BH
eK)an
AK AL AC AB (CH BH ) AC AB BC 2p

eday AK AL enaHeK)an 2AK 2AL 2p b AK AL p

ehIy CK CH AK AC p b nig BH BL p c
dUcenH AK AL p , CK CH p b , BH BL p c
kgRtIekaNEkg AL eKman tan A2 ALL rpA
eK)an rA p tan A2
eroberogeday lwm pln

(1)

TMBr 27

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

m:ageToteKman B LBH

naM[ B2 2 LBH
BH
2
2

eK)an tan B2 cot BH BHH pr c eKTaj rA

A

RsaydUcKaEdreK)an rA p Cb (3)
tan

pc
( 2)
B
tan
2

tamTMnak;TMng (1) , (2) nig (3) eK)an

A pc pb

.
rA p tan
B
C
2
tan

tan

eKmanTMnak;TMngRsedogKaenHEdrcMeBaHkaMrgVg;carwkkgmMu B nig kgmMu C

rB p tan

smal;

B pc
pa
C pb pa
, rC p tan

2 tan A tan C
2 tan A tan C
2
2
2
2

eKman rrArBrC (p a) tan A2 . p Bc .p tan B2 . p Ab

tan

2
rrArBC p(p a )(p b )(p c) S 2

dUcenHeK)an S

r rA rB rC

eroberogeday lwm pln

tan

TMBr 28

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

16-RTwsIbTesv:a Cevas theorem

RTwsIbT

kgRtIekaN ABC mYy bnat;bI AD , BE nig CF RbsBVKaRtg;cMnuc

AF BD CE
K mYyluHRtaEt
.
.
1 .
FB DC EA

sRmaybBaak;

]bmafabnat;bI AD , BE nig CF RbsBVKaRtg;cMnuc K mYy

A

G
E
F

yk ( ) Cabnat;kat;tam A ehIyRsbnwg (BC) .

tag G nig H CaRbsBVrvagbnat; (BE) nig (CF) CamYybnat; ( )
erogKa .
eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 29

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;
AF AH

(1)
FB BC
CE BC

AEG dUc BCE enaHeK)an

( 2)
EA AG
AG AK
AGK dUc BDK enaHeK)an

( 3)
BD DK
AH AK
AHK dUc CDK enaHeK)an

( 4)
DC DK
AH BD AG
b

( 5)
tam (3) & (4) eK)an AC

BD DC DC AH
KuNTMnak;TMng (1) , (2) & (5) Gg nig GgeK)an
AF BD CE AH BC AG
.
.

.
.
1 Bit .
FB DC EA BC AG AH
BD CE
]bmafa AF
.
.
1 Bit.
FB DC EA
eyIgnwgRsayfabnat; AD , BE nig CF RbsBVKaRtg;cMnuc K

eday

AHF

dUc BCF enaHeK)an

mYy.
sntfa k CaRbsBVrvagbnat; BE nig CF ehIyyk D' CaRbsBVrvag
bnat; AK nig BC . enaHtamsRmayxagelIeK)an
AF BD' CE
AF BD CE
.
.
1 Ettamkar]bma
.
.
1
FB D' C EA
FB DC EA
BD
BD BD'
enaHeK)an DBD' C' DC
b D' C 1 DC
1

DC BC BC
b BDD'' CD' C BDDC
b D' C DC enaH D' C DC mannyfa
cMNuc D' nig D RtYtsIuKa .

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 30

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

17-RTwsImInWLs Menelaus theorem

RTwsIbT

ykbIcMnuc F , D nig E siterogKaelIRCug AB , BC nig AC

BD CE
nRtIekaN ABC enaHcMNucbIenHrt;Rtg;KaebI AF
.
.
1 .
BF CD AE

sRmaybBaak;
Hb

F
Ha

D
Hc

tag Ha , Hb , Hc CacMeNalEkgn A , B , C elI (EF ) erogKa .

AHa

(1)
enaHeK)an AHaF dUc BHbF enaH AF
BF BH
b

BH b D

BD BH b
dUc CHcD enaH CD

CH

( 2)

CHc
dUc CHcE enaH CE

AE AH

( 3)

AHaE

BD CE
.
.
1 .
KuNsmIkar (1), (2) & (3) eK)an AF
BF CD AE

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 31

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

18-sVyKuNncMnucmYyeFobnwgrgVg;mYy

RTwsIbT

ebIbnat;BIrKUsecjBIcMnuc P mYykat;rgVg;Rtg; A , B nig C , D erogKa

enaHeK)an PA PB PC PD .
sRmaybBaak;
krNIcMnuc P enAkgrgVg;
D

eKman PAD PCB mMucarwkkgrgVg;sat;edayFrYm DB

APD CPB mMuTl;kMBUl
eK)an PAD nig PCB CaRtIekaNdUcKa .
PD

enaH PA PB PC PD .
eK)anpleFobdMNUc PA
PC PB
eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 32

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

krNIcMnuc P enAeRkArgVg;
D

C
P
A

eKman ADC ABC mMucarwkkgrgVg;sat;FrrYm AC

APD BPC mMurYm
eK)an PAD nig PCB CaRtIekaNdUcKa .
PD
eK)anpleFobdMNUc PA

enaH
PA PB PC PD .
PC PB
smal;
tag R CakaMrgVg; ehIy d CacmayBIpitnrgVg;eTAcMnuc P .
-ebI P enAkgrgVg;enaH PA PB PC PD R 2 d2
-ebI P enAeRkArgVg;enaH PA PB PC PD d2 R 2 .

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 33

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

sRmaybBaak;
B

O
A

krNI P enAkgrgVg; ehIyyk KL CaGgt;pitnrgVg;kat;tam P

eK)an PA.PB PK .PL (R d)(R d) R 2 d2 .
B
A
P

krNI P enAeRkArgVg; ehIyyk KL CaGgt;pitnrgVg;kat;tam P

eK)an PA.PB PK .PL (d R )(d R ) d2 R 2 .
eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 34

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

19-RTwsIbTtUelmI

Ptolemy's theorem

RTwsIbT

ebI ABCD CactuekaNcarwkkgrgVg;enaHeK)an

AC.BD AB.CD BC.AD .

sRmaybBaak;
A

B
K

C
D

yk K CacMnucmYyn AC Edl ABK CBD

eKmanmMucarwkkg BAC BDC nig ADB ACB
eK)an ABD ABK KBD DBC KBD KBC
enaH ABK dUcRtIekaN DBC ehIy ABD dUcRtIekaN KBC
CD
CK DA
eK)anpleFobdMNUc AK
ni
g

AB BD
BC BD
eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 35

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

eKTaj AK .BD AB.CD nig CK .BD BC.AD

ehtuenH AK .BD CK .BD AB.CD BC.AD
BD( AK CK ) AB.CD BC.AD

eday AK CK AC
dUcenH AC.BD AB.CD BC.AD .
20-vismPaBtUelmI Ptolemy's inequality

RTwsIbT

eK[ctuekaN ABCD enaHeK)an

AB.CD BC.AD AC.BD

vismPaBenHkayCasmPaBluHRtaEtctuekaN ABCDcarwkkgrgVg; .

sRmaybBaak;

yk z A , z B , zC , z D CaGahVikncMnuc A , B , C , D erogKa .
eKmansmPaB
( z B z A )( z D z C ) ( z C z B )( z D z A ) ( z C z A )( z D z B )

tamvismPaBRtIekaNeK)an

| zc z A )(z D z B ) | | (z B z A )(z D zC ) | | ( zC z B )(z D z A ) |

dUcenH AC.BD AB.CD BC.AD .

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 36

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

21-pRkLactuekaNcarwkkgrgVg;
rUbmn Brahmagupta Brahmagupta's formula
eK[ctuekaN ABCD manRCug a , b , c , d nigknHbrimaRt p
carwkkgrgVg;enaHpRkLavakMNt;eday
S (p a )(p b )(p c)(p d ) .
sRmaybBaak;
B

eday A C 180o enaHeK)an sin C sin A nig cos C cos A

eKman S S ABD SBCD 12 ad sin A 12 bc sin C
1
S (ad bc ) sin A
2

enaH sin A ad2Sbc

tamRTwsIbTkUsIunUsGnuvtn_kgRtIekaN ABD nig BCD
eroberogeday lwm pln

(1)

TMBr 37

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

eK)an BD2 a2 d2 2ad cos A b2 c2 2bc cos A

a2 d 2 b 2 c2
eKTaj)an cos A 2(ad bc) (2)
ehIyeKman sin2 A cos2 A 1 (3)
tam (1) , (2) & (3) eK)an
4S 2
(ad bc )

(a 2 d 2 b 2 c 2 )2
4(ad bc )

4(ad bc )2 (a 2 d 2 b 2 c2 )2

eKTaj S
16
16
Edl 2(ad bc) (a2 d2 b2 c2 )
2

(a d ) 2 (b c )2
(a d b c)(a d b c)

nig

2(ad bc ) (a 2 d 2 b 2 c2 )

(b c )2 (a d )2
(b c a d )(b c a d )

eday a b c d 2p
enaH 4(p b)(p c) nig 4(p a)(p d)
ehtuenH S2 (p a)(p b)(p c)(p d)
dUcenH S (p a)(p b)(p c)(p d) .
eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 38

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

smal;

ebIcMnuc D C enaH d 0
eK)an S p(p a)(p b)(p c) rUbmnehr:ug .
B

C ,D

22-rUbmnpRkLactuekaNe)a:g

rUbmn Bretschneider

(Bretschneider's formula)

eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD manRCug a , b , c , d nigknHbrimaRt p

enaHpRkLarbs;vakMNt;eday
AC
.
S (p a )(p b )(p c)(p d ) abcd cos 2
2

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 39

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

sRmaybBaak;
B

b
C

eKman S S ABD SBCD 12 ad sin A 12 bd sin C

b ad sin A bd sin C 2S (1)
tamRTwsIbTkUsIunUskgRtIekaN ABD nig BCD eK)an
a 2 d 2 2ad cos A b 2 c2 2bc cos C
a2 d 2 b 2 c2
( 2)
eKTaj ad cos A bc cos C
2
tam (1) & (2) eK)an
(ad sin A bc sin C)2 (ad cos A bc cos C)2 4S 2
a2 d 2 b 2 c2 2
(
)
2

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 40

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

eKTaj)an
(a 2 d 2 b 2 c 2 )2
AC
4abcd cos 2
4S ad bc
4
2

AC
abcd cos 2
S2
2
16
Edl 2(ad bc) (a2 d2 b2 c2 )
2

(a d )2 (b c )2
(a d b c)(a d b c)

nig

2(ad bc ) (a 2 d 2 b 2 c2 )

(b c )2 (a d )2
(b c a d )(b c a d )

eday a b c d 2p
enaH 4(p b)(p c) nig 4(p a)(p d)
ehtuenH S2 (p a)(p b)(p c)(p d) abcd cos2 A 2 C

AC
dUcenH S (p a)(p b)(p c)(p d) abcdcos 2
2

smal;

ebI ABCD carwkkgrgVg;enaH cos A 2 C cos 90o 0

enaH S (p a)(p b)(p c)(p d) .
eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 41

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

23-cmayrvagpitrgVg;carwkkg nig carwkeRkAnctuekaNe)a:g

ebIctuekaNe)a:g ABCD carwkkgrgVg; C(O, R ) nigcarwkeRkA

rgVg; C ' (I, r ) enaHeK)an
d OI r 2 R 2 r r 2 4R 2 .

sRmaybBaak;

B
K

C
E

H
I
O
A
F

tag H nig K CacMNucb:HrvagrgVg; (C ' ) CamYyRCug [AB]

nig [BC]ehIy E nig F CacMNucRbsBVrvag ( AI)
nig (CI) CamYyrgVg; (C) erogKa .
eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 42

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

eKman DOF 2 DCF DCB

nig DOE 2 DAE DAB
eK)an DOF DOE DCB DAB 180o
naM[ [EF] CaGgt;pitnrgVg; (C) .
tamRTwsIbTemdankgRtIekaN EIF eK)an
IE 2 IF 2 EF 2 1
OI

(IE 2 IF 2 ) R 2 (1)
2
4
2
BAD
DCB
IAB
ICB
2
2
BAD DCB 180o
IAB ICB

90o
2
2
2

eKman

nig

eK)an
sg; IH IK r .
BIrRtIekaNEkg IAH nig IKC pMKabegIt)anCaRtIekaNEkg
Edlman IA nig IC CaRCugmMuEkg nig AH KC CaGIb:UetnUs .
I

eroberogeday lwm pln

H ,K

TMBr 43

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

tamTMnak;TMngmaRtkgRtIekaNEkgeK)an 12 1 2 1 2 (2)
r
IA
IC
tamRTwsIbTsVyKuNcMNuc I eFobnwgrgVg; (C)
eK)an IA.IE IC.IF R 2 OI 2
R 2 OI 2
R 2 OI 2
naM[ IA IE (3) nig IC IF (4)
ykTMnak;TMng (3) nig (4) CMnYskg (2) eK)an
1
IE 2 IF 2
( R 2 OI 2 )2
2
2
2
naM[ IE IF
( 5)
2
2 2
2
r
r
( R OI )
ykTMnak;TMng (5) CMnYskg (1) eK)an
OI
2

( R 2 OI 2 )2
2r 2

R2

b (R 2 OI 2 )2 2OI 2 .r 2 2R 2r 2 0
tag d OI eK)an (R 2 d 2 )2 2d 2r 2 2R 2r 2 0
b d4 2(r 2 R 2 )d 2 R 4 2R 2r 2 0 tag t d2
eK)an t 2 2(r 2 R 2 )t R 4 2R 2r 2 0
DIsRKImINg;bRgYm
' (r 2 R 2 ) 2 ( R 4 2 R 2r 2 ) r 2 (r 2 4 R 2 )

eKTajbs t1 r 2 R 2 r
eroberogeday lwm pln

r 2 4R 2

TMBr 44

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

b t 2 r 2 R 2 r r 2 4R 2
eday d R enaH t d2 R 2 .
ehtuenH t d2 r 2 R 2 r r 2 4R 2
naM[ OI d r 2 R 2 r r 2 4R 2 Bit .
smal;
tamsmPaB (R 2 d 2 )2 2d 2r 2 2R 2r 2 0
eKGacsresr
( R 2 d 2 )2 2r 2 ( R 2 d 2 ) r 2 [( R d )2 ( R d )2 ]

EckGgTaMgBIrnwg (R 2 d 2 )2 r 2 (R d)2 (R d)2 r 2

eK)anTMnak;TMng
1
1
1
.

2
2
2
r

(R d)

eroberogeday lwm pln

(R d)

TMBr 45

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;
CMBUkTI2

lMhat;TI1
eK[ ABC CaRtIekaNmYyehIy D CaeCIgnkm<s;KUsBIkMBUl A .
yk E nig F sitenAelIbnat;kat;tam D edaydwgfa AE Ekgnwg BE
ehIy AF Ekgnwg CF Edl E nig F xusBI D .
yk M nig N CacMNuckNalnGgt; BC nig EF erogKa .
cUrRsayfa AN Ekgnwg NM ?

dMeNaHRsay

A
F

Q
N

E
B

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 46

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

tag (w1 ) nig (w 2 ) CargVg;manGgt;piterogKa AB nig AC .

eK)an E (w1 ) eRBaH AE BE ehIy F (w 2 ) eRBaH AF CF
tag P nig Q CacMnucRbsBVrvagbnat; ( AN) CamYy (w1 ) nig (w 2 )
erogKa .
cMnuc N enAeRkArgVg; (w1 ) enaHeK)an NE.ND NQ.NA (1)
eRBaH N CacMNuckNaln EF .
cMeBaHrgVg; (w 2 ) eKman NF.ND NP.NA (2)
tam (1) & (2) eKTaj)an NQ.NA NP.NA b NQ NP
eday MB MC enaHeK)an MN // PC ehIyeday AP PC
dUcenH AN NM .

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 47

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

lMhat;TI2
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug a , b , c nigmanpRkLa S .
]bmafa DEF CaRtIekaNcarwkkgRtIekaN ABC .
8S 2
cUrRsaybBaak;fa DE EF FD abc

dMeNaHRsay

A
E
F

tag BD x ,

CE y , AF z

enaH

0 x a

0 y b
0 z c

eK)an DC a x , AE b y , BF c z
tamRTwsIbTkUsIunUskgRtIekaN BDF eK)an
DF 2 x 2 (c z )2 2x(c z ) cos B

eday cos B cos( ( A C)) cos( A C)

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 48

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

enaH DF2 x2 (c z )2 2x(c z ) cos( A C)

[x cos A (c z ) cos C]2 [x sin A (c z ) sin C]2

eKTaj)an DF | x cos A (c z ) cos C |

RsaydUcKaEdr DE | y cos B (a x) cos A |
nig EF | z cos C (b y ) cos B | .
edayeRbIvismPaBRtIekaNeK)an
DE EF FD | a cos A b cos B c cos C | (1)

tag T a cos A b cos B c cos C

R sin 2 A R sin 2B R sin 2C

R(sin 2 A sin 2B sin 2C)
4R sin A sin B sin C

abc
8S 2
4R . 3

2
abc
abc
2
8R
2R
2(
)
4S
8S 2
dUcenH DE EF FD abc .
abc

eroberogeday lwm pln

abc

TMBr 49

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 50

FrNImaRtviPaKkgbg;

ksareyag
1-KNitviTafak;TI10PaK2rbs;RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa
e)aHBum<elITI1 qaM 2008

2- Challenges in Geometry
( Christopher J.Bradley)

3-

Inequalities

A Mathematical Olympiad Approach

(Radmila Bulajich Manfrino Jose Antonio Gomez Ortega Rogelio Valdez Delgado)

4-Geometric inequalities (
5- INFINITY

By O.BOTEEM, R.Z.DJOPDJIVIC)

(Hojoo Lee, Tom Lovering, and Cosmin Pohoat)

eroberogeday lwm pln

TMBr 51