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!"#$ %&'$( ) *+ &',& )&--./'0(#%", ('&
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9
Central processing unit (CPU)
Control
unit
Arithmetic
logical unit
(ALU)
I/O devices
Registers
Main
memory
Disk
Printer
Bus
I
I
8 9: < ;< > :< < ;< : : <
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A+B
Registers
ALU input register
ALU input bus
ALU
A+B
ALU output register
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Instruction
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Instruction
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Operand
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Instruction
execution
unit
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S2:
S3:
S4:
S5:
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Time
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S1
Instruction
fetch
unit
S2
S3
S4
S5
Instruction
decode
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Operand
fetch
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Instruction
execution
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Instruction
decode
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Operand
fetch
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Instruction
execution
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S4
ALU
ALU
S1
S2
S3
Instruction
fetch
unit
Instruction
decode
unit
Operand
fetch
unit
S5
LOAD
STORE
Floating
point
Write
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9
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Control unit
Broadcasts instructions
8 8 Processor/memory grid
Processor
Memory
Local memories
Shared
memory
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
Shared
memory
CPU
CPU
CPU
Bus
Bus
(a)
CPU
(b)
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Address
Address
1 Cell
Address
16 bits
(c)
12 bits
(b)
10
11
8 bits
(a)
8 +>9 < 9 ;> 9 > < 9 < < < 9 =< >
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> > <= > < <9;> 9
I
Address
Big endian
Little endian
Address
10
11
11
10
12
12
13
14
15
15
14
13
12
12
Byte
Byte
32-bit word
32-bit word
(a)
(b)
Big endian
0
Transfer from
big endian to
little endian
Little endian
Transfer and
swap
J
12
0 21
0 21
12
21 0
0 21 12
16
16
(a)
(b)
1
(c)
(d)
4 16
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Memory word 1111000010101110
0
1
0
2
1
3
0
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
0
8
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Parity bits
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9 <= < < >: =<9 < ;< <
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Track
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ta bits
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C
C
Direction
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Width of
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Dire
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Preamb
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Read/write
head
tion
of
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40
96
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s
C
Disk
arm
Read/write head (1 per surface)
Surface 7
Surface 6
Surface 5
Surface 4
Surface 3
Direction of arm motion
Surface 2
Surface 1
Surface 0
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(a)
(b)
Strip 0
Strip 1
Strip 2
Strip 4
Strip 5
Strip 6
Strip 3
Strip 7
Strip 8
Strip 9
Strip 10
Strip 11
Strip 0
Strip 1
Strip 2
Strip 3
Strip 0
Strip 1
Strip 2
Strip 4
Strip 5
Strip 6
Strip 7
Strip 4
Strip 5
Strip 6
Strip 7
Strip 8
Strip 9
Strip 10
Strip 11
Strip 8
Strip 9
Strip 10
Strip 11
Bit 1
Bit 2
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 5
Bit 6
Bit 7
RAID level 0
(c)
Bit 1
(f)
RAID
level 1
RAID level 2
Bit 2
Bit 3
Bit 4
Parity
RAID level 3
(d)
(e)
Strip 3
Strip 0
Strip 1
Strip 2
Strip 3
Strip 4
Strip 5
Strip 6
Strip 7
P4-7
Strip 8
Strip 9
Strip 10
Strip 11
P8-11
Strip 0
Strip 1
Strip 2
Strip 4
Strip 5
Strip 6
P4-7
Strip 8
Strip 9
P8-11
Strip 10
Strip 11 RAID level 5
Strip 12
P12-15
Strip 13
Strip 14
Strip 15
P16-19
Strip 16
Strip 17
Strip 18
Strip 19
Strip 3
P0-3
RAID level 4
P0-3
Strip 7
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Frames of 588 bits,
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Preamble
Bytes 16
98 Frames make 1 sector
Data
ECC
2048
288
Mode 1
sector
(2352 bytes)
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