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    Urban Form and Accessibility: Social, Economic, and Environment Impacts
    Urban Form and Accessibility: Social, Economic, and Environment Impacts
    Urban Form and Accessibility: Social, Economic, and Environment Impacts
    Ebook821 pages9 hours

    Urban Form and Accessibility: Social, Economic, and Environment Impacts

    By Corinne Mulley and John D. Nelson

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    About this ebook

    The growth of global urbanization places great strains on energy, transportation, housing and public spaces needs. As such, transport and land use are inextricably linked. Urban Form and Accessibility: Social, Economic, and Environment Impacts consolidates key insights from multidisciplinary perspectives on the relationship between urban form and transportation planning. Synthesizing the latest cutting-edge research, the book translates academic evidence into practice. Starting with an overview of the key concepts relevant to each discipline, the book covers critical elements such as governance, travel behavior, and technological disruption, showing how to move towards a more sustainable society for all city inhabitants.
    • Draws on evidence-based success stories from countries around the globe
    • Gathers global leading thinkers to provide the state-of-the-art on the topic
    • Examines social, economic, and environmental impacts within each chapter
    • Each chapter’s content will have the same structure for easier discoverability
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateDec 2, 2020
    ISBN9780128198230
    Urban Form and Accessibility: Social, Economic, and Environment Impacts

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      Book preview

      Urban Form and Accessibility - Corinne Mulley

      out.

      Chapter 1: Introduction

      Corinne Mulley; John D. Nelson    Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia

      Abstract

      This book provides multiple insights and support to the policy area of transport and land use. It provides a focus on the ability of transport policy and land use policy to deliver not only the preferred urban form but also to do so with a level of accessibility for citizens to access the destinations of choice. Although not constrained by sections, the book starts from the more general and works toward the specific. Following scene setting to establish the links between urban form and accessibility and to explore the implications for sustainable planning in urban areas, chapters are grouped by topic. The next group of chapters discusses the impact of governance and this is followed by a number of chapters broadly investigating urban form and accessibility in the context of travel behavior. The following three groups of chapters discuss more specific areas: health, equity, and public transport network planning. The concluding chapter is an in-depth consideration of the role of logistics in the determination of sustainable urban form. In addition to summarizing the book’s chapters, this introduction provides a brief commentary on the influence of COVID-19 and identifies the areas for future research.

      Keywords

      Accessibility; Urban form; Transportation; Equity; Travel behavior; Health; Network planning; Sustainable logistics

      1.1: Urban form and accessibility

      Urban form describes the spatial configuration of a city or urban area’s physical characteristics. As a result, researchers tend to conflate the term urban form to mean all aspects of the built environment, embodying as it does the street layout, the location of buildings, and the use of space within the urban area. Accessibility as a concept describes the ease of reaching destinations where activities are located and demanded by citizens. These characterizations of urban form and accessibility illustrate why they are inextricably linked, and their exploration lies at the intersection of transport and urban economics in the study of transport and land use.

      Perhaps more separately than together, urban form and accessibility have been studied for more than a century. Theories of urban form originate with the landmark work of Johann-Heinrich von Thunen, published first in 1826 (von Thunen, 1826), who identified the relationship between urban form and city size as being dependent on transport costs, an early measure of accessibility. These early theories of central place formation lacked micro-economic foundations which have been provided by what have been called new economic geography models that investigate in more detail how urban areas work. Alongside this is the research area looking at where residents and firms locate, building on the seminal work of Hotelling (1929), which are significantly affected by transport costs and transport accessibility. Classic papers in these areas are included in Mulley (2012).

      Accessibility measurement has also attracted significant research effort. Building on the work of Hansen (1959), methodologies and applications and the inherent difficulties of such developments are expertly synthesized by Miller (2018) who concludes that there is still a lack of robust identification of appropriate standards for levels of accessibility and for methods of providing a monetary valuation of accessibility benefits. A more in-depth evaluation of the state-of-the-art in accessibility modeling is provided by Malekzadeh and Chung (2020) in terms of system accessibility, system-facilitated accessibility, and access to destinations and by Shi, Blainey, Sun, and Jing (2020) who provide a quantitative overview of the last two decades of accessibility related publications.

      In contrast to the research on urban form or on accessibility, this book provides multiple insights and support to the policy area of transport and land use. As a whole, the book provides a focus on the ability of transport policy and land use policy to deliver not only the preferred urban form but an urban form with a level of accessibility for citizens to access the destinations of choice. This unique approach synthesizes cutting edge research to policy development which in many places has only relatively recently acted on the joint impacts of transport on land use and land use on transport,. This is in recognition of the importance of transport departments, and planning departments that talk to each other at every level of policy development. Each chapter provides an evidence base to move toward more sustainable urban forms with better accessibility for citizens and thus talks to one or more of the three pillars of sustainability, recognizing the complex and dynamic interactions between economic, environmental and social goals to ensure a more balanced and equitable outcome for the movement of both people and goods.

      Although not constrained by sections, the book starts from the more general and works toward the specific. The opening chapter examines the links between urban form and accessibility whilst the second draws on this to explore the implications for sustainable planning in urban areas. The next group of chapters looks at the impact of governance (Chapters 4 and 5) and this is followed by a number of chapters broadly investigating urban form and accessibility in the context of travel behavior (Chapters 6–11 and 21). The next groups of chapters look at more specific areas: health (Chapters 12 and 13), equity (Chapters 14–16), and public transport network planning (Chapters 17–19). The final chapter distinguishes this book from many others by including an in-depth consideration of the role of logistics in the determination of sustainable urban form. Each of these chapter groupings is now considered in more depth.

      1.2: The book’s chapters

      Scene setting is undertaken in Chapters 2 and 3. Horner, in Chapter 2, takes a spatial approach to the link between urban form and accessibility first asking the question Why cities?, before addressing the role of accessibility in determining how cities develop and the relevance of transport in this. Sustainability is challenged by suburban development which is often predicated on the personal ownership of a car and Horner investigates how transit-oriented development (TOD) is one response to this challenge. In looking to the future, suburban sprawl might also be ameliorated by a growth in autonomous vehicles but this is far from certain at this stage. Smith and Barros build on the ideas of Horner in Chapter 3, identifying how mixed land use developments have been central to policies for improving urban transport sustainability for several decades. The chapter then focuses on the way in which these policies succeed at improving sustainability at the city level but are associated with equity challenges, particularly in respect of pushing lower income groups out of the inner cities to the more peripheral areas where accessibility is lower. Using London as an example, Smith and Barros explore residential socioeconomic change to provide the evidence base to underpin policy that could alter the highly centralized pattern of transport accessibility emerging from successful compact city and TOD policies implemented to revive inner cities through city level planning for

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