What China's struggles with a Thai railway say about the Belt and Road
When Foreign Minister Wang Yi visits Thailand on Wednesday and Thursday as part of his tour of Southeast Asia, China's top diplomat is expected to sign a contract for a 252km high-speed rail link between Bangkok and Nakhon Ratchasima in the east of the country.
The line, which is part of a railway running from Kunming in southern China to Singapore, will eventually run up to Nong Khai and over the border to Laos, where Chinese engineers have blasted through mountains and built massive bridges over rivers to meet a 2021 deadline to open a link to China's vast rail network.
Progress on the high-speed line has stuttered for several years with Thai authorities uneasy over the high interest rates charged by Chinese financing, the track design and even the need for the scheme.
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In September the Thai cabinet released a fresh portion of US$380 million cash to purchase Chinese-made bullet trains and tracks.
Thitinan Pongsudhirak, the director of Chulalongkorn University's Institute of Security and International Studies in Thailand, said China's top diplomat "would want to resuscitate this rail project, otherwise there is no purpose or no use having a railway all the way from Vientiane but not coming through Thailand."
Analysts said Thailand's strategic location and its potential for sea, air and rail links across Southeast Asia was the chief draw for China, and an integral part of Beijing's Belt and Road ambitions in the region.
Part of the vision consists of the high-speed rail line running from Kunming to Singapore, criss-crossing across several Southeast Asian countries.
BARGAINING POWER
Contrary to perceptions that some of these countries may have little bargaining power vis-a-vis China, Selina Ho, a Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy international affairs professor at the National University of Singapore, said factors such as location, size, and state capacity had given some Southeast Asian nations leeway in negotiating and implementing their part of the railway project with China.
Thailand's location at the hub of the proposed eastern, central and western lines had given it significant leverage, Ho said, referring to the tracks that would eventually pass through Myanmar, Laos and Thailand, and Vietnam respectively.
China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi. Photo: Reuters alt=China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi. Photo: Reuters
Middle powers such as Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia had greater leverage than Laos in their negotiations with China, Ho added, and likewise for Singapore, a country with good state capacity.
Ho was speaking at a recent online event organised by the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology's Institute for Emerging Market Studies to mark the launch of her book Rivers of Iron: Railroads and Chinese Power in Southeast Asia co-authored with David Lampton and Cheng-Chwee Kuik.
The authors argued that individual countries had what it took to control, shape, and even take advantage of Chinese efforts in creating the high-speed railway connecting China and its seven Southeast Asian neighbours: Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Other bargaining tools that Southeast Asian countries had in negotiations with China were their domestic politics and public opinion, Ho added.
Pointing to Malaysia and Indonesia where leaders had been attacked "for selling their countries to China", Ho said concerns over how and whether locals would benefit and whether jobs would be created could strengthen these countries' bargaining positions.
"They can tell China, look, I am putting my domestic position at stake here, you have to give me more concessions," Ho said.
CHINA'S LEARNING CURVE
Turning to the difficulties faced by China in the construction of the railway, Ho cited Chinese companies' unfamiliarity with the different political systems.
A case in point is in Indonesia where land acquisition - the first step in the construction process - often resulted in delays due to resistance from local governments, Ho said, pointing out that 29 districts and 95 villages in West Java were directly affected by the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway construction.
"So you can imagine the amount of difficulties Chinese construction companies face, as they deal with powerful local authorities, and the very strong land tenure laws in Indonesia," Ho said.
Other issues such as bureaucratic resistance, compensation for the loss of land, labour laws, procurement standards, environmental protection, even the clearing of unexploded landmines had also made the process a steep learning curve for the Chinese, Ho added,
"It is not so easy for [China]. There is a lot of trial and error, a lot of learning in the process," Ho said.
Kuik, who is head of the Centre for Asian Studies at the National University of Malaysia's Institute of Malaysian and International Studies, said China's railway construction had not gone unnoticed by other powers who had come up with alternatives such as the EU-Asia Connectivity Strategy aimed at improving Europe's economic connectivity to the emerging economies of Southeast Asia.
Turning to the wider picture of China's experience in building infrastructure around the world, long-time China watcher David Lampton said China had learned and adapted from the problems and experiences it had encountered elsewhere, and was now paying greater attention to risk analysis as part of its project assessment and approval process.
Beijing had also learnt that its partner countries were not only concerned with its ability to construct large projects quickly and competitively, but also with quality and long-term viability, said the professor emeritus at Johns Hopkins-SAIS.
Bangkok. Photo: Tibor Krausz alt=Bangkok. Photo: Tibor Krausz
In recent years, China has undertaken massive infrastructure-building efforts in Africa, Latin America, as well as South and Southeast Asia in projects ranging from rail, roads and ports to dams, power plants and bridges.
Some of the problems China faced, Lampton said, included terrorist attacks against Chinese workers in Pakistan, which had forced Beijing to pay greater attention to physical security for its citizens abroad.
In Venezuela, where China has found itself committing enormous funds to what has turned out to be an insolvent regime under Hugo Chavez, Beijing had learned the importance of undertaking greater political and financial risk assessment "that was up to global standards", Lampton said.
This, Beijing did in part by setting up the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), said Lampton, also a senior research fellow at the SAIS Foreign Policy Institute.
A high-speed train in China's Shaanxi Province. Photo: Xinhua alt=A high-speed train in China's Shaanxi Province. Photo: Xinhua
Set up in 2016, the AIIB is aimed at offering finance to infrastructure projects, and has promised high standards of governance based on international best practices.
Turning to the recurrent problem of China using its own workers, materials and equipment in overseas projects - moves which have been criticised by host countries - Lampton said Beijing appeared more sensitive to this problem now than in the past.
"But the pressure is still very great to maximise Chinese materials and labour to meet domestic employment and economic growth targets, even if it creates tensions with the project country," Lampton said.
On the whole, China was learning how to be a more formidable international competitor, Lampton said, even though the progress appeared "slow and uneven".
Additional reporting by Vijitra Duangdee
This article originally appeared on the South China Morning Post (SCMP).
Copyright (c) 2020. South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved.
