The Ultimate Spanish Review and Practice, Premium Fourth Edition

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For Alex and Mimi, whose brilliance, talents, and love

illuminate and inspire every word we write

R.L.G. and D.M.S.

Preface

Like everything metaphysical, the harmony between thought and reality is to be found in the grammar of the language.

—Ludwig Wittgenstein

Anyone who really knows two or more tongues realizes that even that small enlargement of liberty gives him new perspectives, exercises his soul anew.

—Benjamin Lee Whorf

The Ultimate Spanish Review and Practice, Premium Fourth Edition, is a uniquely comprehensive, integrated, and engaging review book that, accompanied by a bonus supplementary app, will provide learners with the solid knowledge and important practice needed to increase their confidence in using Spanish to express their own thoughts, to comprehend those of Spanish speakers from all over the Spanish-speaking world, and to communicate in both speaking and writing in a wide variety of situations.

Grammar presentation

Designed to provide advanced beginners and intermediate and advanced learners of Spanish with a powerful tool for review and progress in the language, The Ultimate Spanish Review and Practice, Premium Fourth Edition, presents clear, concise, and well-organized grammar explanations with examples that reflect everyday usage, most often in the form of conversational exchanges. The presentations of structure are easy to understand, and the examples will encourage learners to see the study of grammar as a stepping stone to communication.

Exercise program

The exercise program of this fourth edition of The Ultimate Spanish Review and Practice provides extensive practice to ensure mastery of all the grammar topics and sentence patterns that learners of Spanish at this level should know and be able to use. These engaging exercises are contextualized, and the instructions in Spanish help set the scene and prepare you for the task at hand. Vocabulary lists provide a review of the vocabulary common to most first- and second-year Spanish textbooks, as well as new words and phrases essential for particular exercises, thus increasing your vocabulary and enhancing your ability to express yourself on a variety of topics. Vocabulary presentations are grouped by theme and are integrated with the exercises, which reflect authentic, everyday language usage and touch on all areas of modern life, from family and food to business and technology.

Self-expression exercises are included to encourage you to use the target grammar and vocabulary presented to express your own ideas. The Ejercicio oral at the end of each chapter of Parts I through III is a motivating culmination exercise in which you and a friend or colleague can practice the grammatical structures and topics presented in the chapter by exchanging information with each other.

Review

New to this fourth edition is a chapter of Review Exercises that includes 26 exercises keyed to the chapters of the book. The Review section enables you to check your progress, find your strengths and weaknesses, and revisit grammatical topics in the textbook that require additional practice.

Structure

The Ultimate Spanish Review and Practice, Premium Fourth Edition, has 29 chapters divided into five parts:

I      Verbs—Forms and Uses

II     Nouns and Their Modifiers; Pronouns

III    Other Elements of the Sentence

IV    Idiomatic Usage

V     Review

To further your progress and enhance your competence in Spanish, we have included a chapter of useful idioms, expressions, and proverbs and a chapter designed to help you avoid some of the most common errors and pitfalls that English-speaking learners of Spanish encounter. Updated Notas culturales, featured throughout the book, provide interesting and important information about the Spanish language and Spanish-speaking countries and people—including history, geography, politics, art, music, literature, film, and local customs—thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the grammar exercises by providing an authentic context in which to practice.

For convenient learner reference, the appendices of The Ultimate Spanish Review and Practice, Premium Fourth Edition, include easy-to-read verb charts and a section on written conventions that explains Spanish rules of spelling and punctuation. The Answer Key at the end of the book allows you to check your work.

App

The Ultimate Spanish Review and Practice, Premium Fourth Edition, is accompanied by an extensive app that contains an innovative variety of exercises, audio recordings, and flashcards. There are hundreds of multiple-choice exercises that allow you to practice verb tenses, grammatical structures, and idiomatic usage included in the first four parts of the book—conveniently available for study on your computer, tablet, or smartphone. The Diagnostic Test and Review Test provide you with excellent tools to assess your progress. To improve your comprehension and pronunciation, the Listening for Key Contrasts drills help you distinguish verb forms that may sound similar to English speakers but are very different in meaning. This section targets some of the most important sound contrasts in the Spanish verb system. To understand native Spanish speakers and make yourself understood by them, it is important that you master the phonetics of the language.

The Audio Modules, recorded by native speakers of Spanish, present dialogues and narratives designed to improve your listening comprehension and pronunciation. They present inviting scenes of life incorporated into stories that reflect our daily lives, for example, family and friends, work, education, entertainment, travel, shopping, buying and remodeling a house, business and the office, life goals, love, career changes, problems at the airport, seeing a film, and owning a restaurant. The passages contain useful, authentic vocabulary that will serve you well in your communication with native speakers of Spanish. Preceding each passage is a list of Ten Key Words and Expressions that help you prepare for listening to the passage. You can read a Transcription of the audio passage after listening to it; we recommend listening to the passage a second time before reading the transcription. A Glossary of words and expressions can be activated to check meaning. All online exercises offer instant feedback, so you can check your progress anywhere, anytime. You will be amazed at how much you will understand and be able to say after you have worked through the app!

The Ultimate Spanish Review and Practice, Premium Fourth Edition, retains the highly effective pedagogy and most important features that made the earlier editions so successful and popular with learners; it offers, in addition, an easily accessible online program of practice. Book and app make an ideal program for learners working on their own and an ideal ancillary for students using a textbook in a classroom setting. It is compatible with all textbooks, types of curricula, and classroom approaches. Chapters may be studied in any order, allowing learners and teachers to individualize grammar practice.

As veteran language teachers, we guide you in developing your skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing with accuracy, confidence, and joy. It is our expectation that with a sound knowledge of the language, you will feel empowered to continue learning and communicating in Spanish, giving you an exciting new perspective as you acquire a deeper understanding and appreciation of the Spanish-speaking world.

We are, as ever, grateful to Christopher Brown, our superlative publisher and esteemed friend, for his ultimate vision, wisdom, and guidance through this process of creation, and for all that came before.

Ronni L. Gordon, PhD

David M. Stillman, PhD

Contents

I    Verbs—Forms and Uses

1   The Present Tense

The Present Tense of Regular -ar, -er, and -ir Verbs

Uses of the Present Tense

The Present Tense of Irregular Verbs

2   Ser and estar

The Uses of ser

The Uses of estar

3   Stem-Changing Verbs and Verbs with Spelling Changes

Stem-Changing Verbs Ending in -ar and -er

Stem-Changing Verbs Ending in -ir

Verbs Ending in -uir

Verbs Ending in -iar and -uar

Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Present Tense

4   The Preterit Tense

Regular Verbs

Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterit

-Er and -ir Verbs with Stems Ending in a Vowel

Irregular Verbs in the Preterit

5   The Imperfect Tense

Formation of the Imperfect

Basic Uses of the Imperfect

The Imperfect and the Preterit: Two Aspects of Past Time

6   The Future and Conditional Tenses

Formation of the Future Tense

Uses of the Future Tense

The Future Tense Used to Express Probability or Conjecture

Formation of the Conditional Tense

Uses of the Conditional Tense

7   Reflexive Verbs

Reflexive Verbs—Introduction and Conjugation

The Reflexive Pronoun as Indirect Object

The Imperative of Reflexive Verbs

The Position of Reflexive Pronouns with the Present Participle

Reflexive Verbs with Reciprocal Meaning

How to Say Become in Spanish

Other Reflexive Verbs

8   Passive Constructions

The Passive Voice—Formation and Use

Se Constructions with Passive Meaning

Ser and estar with the Past Participle

9   The Compound Tenses

Formation of the Present Perfect

The Past Perfect

The Future Perfect

The Conditional Perfect

10   The Gerund and the Progressive Tenses

Formation of the Gerund (Present Participle)

The Progressive Tenses

The Progressive Tenses with llevar to Express Have Been Doing

11   The Subjunctive in Noun Clauses: Present and Present Perfect Subjunctive

Forms of the Present Subjunctive: Regular Verbs

Forms of the Present Subjunctive: Irregular Verbs

Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive

Use of the Present Subjunctive in Noun Clauses

The Present Subjunctive in Noun Clauses After Impersonal Expressions

The Present Perfect Subjunctive: Forms and Uses

12   The Imperfect Subjunctive and Past Perfect Subjunctive; Conditional Sentences

Forms of the Imperfect Subjunctive

The Imperfect Subjunctive in Noun Clauses; the Sequence of Tenses

The Past Perfect (or Pluperfect) Subjunctive

Conditional Sentences

Como si …

13   The Subjunctive: Adverb and Adjective Clauses

Adverb Clauses That Require the Subjunctive

Adverb Clauses with Indicative or Subjunctive

Adjective Clauses That Require the Subjunctive

Adjective Clauses with Indicative or Subjunctive

14   Commands

Command Forms for Ud. and Uds.

Command Forms for nosotros (let’s, let’s not)

Command Forms for tú and vosotros

The Position of Object Pronouns with Command Forms

Indirect Commands

Other Ways of Giving Commands

15   The Infinitive

Verb + Infinitive Construction

Conjugated Verb + Preposition + Infinitive

Infinitive After Prepositions

Al + Infinitive

Infinitive After Verbs of Perception

The Infinitive Preceded by que

Adjective + de + Infinitive

II    Nouns and Their Modifiers; Pronouns

16   Nouns and Articles

Gender of Nouns

Number of Nouns

The Definite Article: Forms and Uses

The Definite Article: Omissions

The Neuter Article lo

The Indefinite Article: Forms, Uses, and Omissions

Contractions del and al

Possession

17   Adjectives

Agreement of Adjectives

Position of Adjectives; Shortened Forms of Adjectives

Adjectives of Nationality

More on the Agreement of Adjectives

Two or More Adjectives Modifying a Noun

The Past Participle as an Adjective

Adjectives Used as Nouns (Nominalization of Adjectives)

Comparative of Adjectives

Superlative of Adjectives; Absolute Superlative

18   Demonstratives and Possessives

Demonstrative Adjectives

Demonstrative Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive Pronouns

19   Personal Pronouns: Subject, Object, Prepositional

Subject Pronouns

Pronouns After Prepositions (Prepositional Pronouns)

Personal a and Direct Objects

Direct Object Pronouns: Forms and Position

Indirect Object Pronouns: Forms and Position

Verbs Usually Appearing with an Indirect Object Pronoun (e.g., gustar)

Other Uses of the Indirect Object

Double Object Pronouns

Special Uses of the Object Pronouns

20   Relative Pronouns

The Relative Pronoun que

The Relative Pronoun quien

The Relative Pronouns el que, el cual

Relative Pronouns After Prepositions

The Relative Pronoun cuyo; donde as a Relative Pronoun

III    Other Elements of the Sentence

21   Adverbs

Formation of Adverbs

Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs as Intensifiers

Adverbs of Time and Place

Comparison of Adverbs

22   Prepositions

The Preposition a

The Preposition de

The Preposition en

The Preposition con

The Prepositions para and por

Other Common Simple Prepositions

Sets of Prepositions and Compound Prepositions

23   Interrogative Words and Question Formation

Interrogative Words in Information Questions

Yes/No Questions

Questions in Indirect Speech

24   Negative and Indefinite Words

Negative Words and Expressions

Other Uses of Negative Words

Negative Words in Conversation

Other Indefinite Words and Constructions

25   Numbers; Dates; Time

Cardinal Numbers

Ordinal Numbers

Days, Dates, and Years

Telling Time

Arithmetic Operations, Fractions, and Percentages

IV    Idiomatic Usage

26   Idioms, Expressions, and Proverbs

Idioms and Expressions with tener

Idioms and Expressions with tomar

Idioms and Expressions with estar

Idioms and Expressions with echar