Knowing diabetes: How it affects different parts of the body
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This book is a must not only for those affected by diabetes, but everyone above forty who could run the risk of getting it.
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Knowing diabetes - Dr. A.K.Sethi
1. What is Diabetes?
Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which the patient D passes increased quantity of urine. Diabetes is derived from two Greek Words dia
which means through
and betes
which means, to pass
. Mellitus
is another Greek word, which means sweet
. In this disease the patient passes large quantities of urine containing a sweet substance, namely glucose. It is either due to lack of production of a hormone called insulin in the pancreas or due to the inefficient action of insulin.
Structure and Function of Pancreas
Pancreas is an important structure found in the abdomen, which plays a major role in the causation of Diabetes Mellitus. Pancreas is a soft, flat gland, which is 15-20 cm long, 3-5 cm broad, 2-4 cm thick and 80-90 gm in weight. It is situated in the posterior part of abdominal cavity just behind the stomach. Pancreas consists of three parts—the head, the body and the tail.
The head is enclosed in a C-shaped concave structure, the duodenum that lies between the lower end of stomach and the upper end of small intestine. The tail ends in a firm organ, the spleen that is located in the left upper portion of abdominal cavity. The portion between the head and the tail is the body.
Fig. 1.1: Pancreas & surrounding organs
Functionally the pancreas consists of two parts:
The Digestive Part
About 99% of the pancreas consists of the digestive part. It comprises a large number of cells which produce the digestive enzymes which are important for the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and fats in the food we eat.
The Hormonal Part
About l-2% of the weight of the pancreas constitutes the hormonal part. A hormone is a chemical substance which is produced by an organ or a gland and sent to another part of the body through the blood where it increases the functional activity of that part. The hormonal part of the pancreas consists of large clusters of cells called the islets of Langerhans, named after the discoverer Paul Langerhan who discovered them in 1869. There are about two million islets in the pancreas. The islets consist of 4 types of