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    Basic Pharmacology And Drug Calculations [Practice Questions And Answers]
    Basic Pharmacology And Drug Calculations [Practice Questions And Answers]
    Basic Pharmacology And Drug Calculations [Practice Questions And Answers]
    Ebook123 pages49 minutes

    Basic Pharmacology And Drug Calculations [Practice Questions And Answers]

    By ALBERT ASIAMAH

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    About this ebook

    Basic Pharmacology And Drug Calculations is designed to assist students preparing for exam

    in pharmacology as a subject or in any health related fields such as Pharmacy Technicians,

    Medical Assistants and Nursing. It contains simplified notes on pharmacology, well-explained

    drug calculations and practice questions and answers designed to test and improve

    your pharmacological knowledge. 

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherALBERT AND AMANDA ASIAMAH PUBLICATIONS
    Release dateApr 2, 2019
    ISBN9781393979623
    Basic Pharmacology And Drug Calculations [Practice Questions And Answers]

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      Book preview

      Basic Pharmacology And Drug Calculations [Practice Questions And Answers] - ALBERT ASIAMAH

      BASIC PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG CALCULATIONS

      COVERS:

      Simplified notes on pharmacology

      Drug calculations with examples

      Practice questions and answers

      Table of Contents

      BASIC INTRODUCTION to Pharmacology

      Sources of Drugs

      Drug Classification

      Medical Abbreviations and Terminology

      Drug Calculations

      Business Math in Pharmacy Setting

      Practice Questions and Answers

      BASIC INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

      PHARMACOLOGY IS A COMBINATION of two Greek words ‘Pharmakon

      and logos’ which simply mean ‘drug and study of’.

      Based on this explanation, pharmacology means study of drugs

      in the body of a living organism. Drug - any agent which is used for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of sickness and diseases.

      Pharmacology has two main branches:

      ¡. Pharmacokinetics  

      ¡¡. Pharmacodynamics

      Pharmacokinetics

      Pharmakon as explained above means drug and kinetikos means moving or motion. Pharmacokinetics is how drugs move through the body of a living organism. 

      This however has 4 processes:

      Absorption

      Distribution

      Metabolism

      Excretion

      Absorption – Drugs may be swallowed/chewed or injected into the body

      Factors that affect absorption:

      Chemical properties

      Physical properties

      The patient

      Distribution- Drugs now follow the blood stream

      Factors that affect distribution of a drug

      Tissue binding

      Blood perfusion

      Cell membrane permeability

      Metabolism is also known as biotransformation - Drugs are broken by the liver through chemical reactions. Half life is the amount of time half of a drug is excreted from the body.

      Factors that affect metabolism

      Disease

      Diet

      Age

      Sex

      Hormones and Pregnancy

      Excretion- Removal of waste from the body. Drugs come out from the body as sweat, faeces and urine

      Factors that affect excretion

      Biological factors such as age and sex

      Drug interaction

      Urine flow rate

      Distribution and binding characteristics of a drug

      Pharmacodynamics - Dynamikos is a Greek word which means ‘force’ a drug has on the body. Pharmacodynamics is how the body responds to a drug or how drugs affect the body. It involves both desired and undesired effects of drugs. The more affinity and efficacy the more potency.

      SOURCES OF DRUGS

      DRUGS MAY BE OBTAINED from the following:

      Plants

      Animals

      Minerals

      Synthetic and semi synthetic

      Genetic engineering

      Microbiological source

      Plants

      Some of the parts are leaves, bark, sap, stem, fruits, seeds,

      flowers and root. For example: leaves of digitalis are used to

      make digoxin, barks of cinchona are used to make quinine, fruits

      of opium(poppy) are used to make morphine

      Animals

      The parts of animals used to make some of the drugs are

      pancreas, blood, cod liver, urine, leech, stomach tissue and

      thyroid. For example: pancreas of cow and pork are used to

      make insulin (regular), thyroid glands of animals are used to

      make thyroid, urine of pregnant women is used for the

      treatment of infertility.

      Minerals

      Minerals are classified into two: metallic and non-metallic.

      Metallic minerals are zinc, gold salt and mercurial salt.  

      Non-metallic minerals include iodine.

      Synthetic and semi synthetic

      Synthetic sources include Emetine Bismuth Iodine whilst semi

      synthetic sources include Atropine bromide, Ampicillin and Methyl testosterone.

      Genetic engineering

      Blending of discoveries from different source by using

      technology. For example, Hepatitis B insulin obtained from human insulin rDNA techniques.

      Microbiological source

      Examples of microbiological sources are Actinobacteria, Penicillium notatum and micromonospora.

      Note: Actinobacteria gives streptomycin, Penicillium notatum is a fungal which gives penicillin

      DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS

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