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Luftwaffe Over Finland
By Karl Stenman and Kalevi Keskinen
Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
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About this ebook
This superb illustrated series books charts the rise and fall of the German Air Force from 1939 to 1945. Each volume makes use of over a hundred rare photographs, many of them taken by Luftwaffe personnel, to bring history to life and record both the men and the aircraft they flew. This title explores the German air war on the Northern Front. The Fins were active allies of the Germans in their war against the Soviets and allowed the Luftwaffe considerable freedom in its operations over Russia. Although conditions in the north were harsh, the Luftwaffe quickly adapted to the region and carried out a series of key operations over Russia between 1941 and 1944. The Luftwaffe over Finland presents the men and the aircraft used in this campaign, mostly from Luftflotte 1 and Luftflotte 5. The outstanding collection of photographs includes almost every type the Luftwaffe flew from Finland from Ju 87 dive bombers and Focke Wulf Fw 190 fighters to coastal patrol and transport units as well as some of the pilots.
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Book preview
Luftwaffe Over Finland - Karl Stenman
LUFTWAFFE AT WAR
LUFTWAFFE OVER FINLAND
GENERAL MILITARY OPERATIONS ON THE NORTHERN FRONT
Germany started the World War II by attacking Poland on 1 September 1939. According to the preferential agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union – the Nazi-Soviet Pact of August 1939 – the former occupied the western part, and the latter, the eastern part of Poland. Backed by that same pact, Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939, but Finland fought back and retained its independence in a peace treaty signed on 13 March 1940, which ended the winter war. To improve its strategic positions in Europe, Germany invaded Denmark and southern Norway on 9 April 1940, and regained control over the whole of Norway by mid-June 1940. After taking Holland, Belgium, and France in May and June 1940, only Britain was left unconquered. Germany fought the Battle of Britain and lost. It then turned to the east.
For its forthcoming eastern campaign Germany reconditioned and expanded several airbases and ports in northern Norway and obtained right of way for troops to pass through neutral Sweden and Finland. By diplomacy or pressure, Germany won over all the Soviet Union’s western neighbours, from the Arctic Sea to the Black Sea. Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of Russia, was launched on 22 June 1941.
The German army group Nord advanced towards Leningrad through the Baltic countries, which had been annexed by the Soviet Union a year earlier, arriving at the Gulf of Finland in August 1941. It encircled Leningrad the following month, but never reached the city. The operation was supported by Luftflotte 1.
Further north on the eastern front, the Finns conquered the Karelian Isthmus in two months and encircled Leningrad from the north by September 1941. A month later the Finnish troops had occupied the isthmus of Olonets and advanced to the isthmus of Maaselkä, between Lake Onega and the White Sea.
At the Arctic Sea the German army, AOK Norwegen, was unable to come any closer than 50 kilometres from Murmansk or the White Sea. The front ran through the wilderness a few tens of kilometres west of the Murmansk railway to the isthmus of Maaselkä.
A protracted stalemate began in autumn 1941 and lasted for almost three years. The Finns were responsible for the front up to the Oulu-Uhtua line and the Germans north of it up to the Arctic Sea.
In June 1944 the Soviet Union attacked on the Karelian Isthmus and Olonets. The Finns halted all Russian advances in two months and on 4 September 1944 disengaged from the war by calling a truce with the Soviet Union. The truce stipulated the removal of German troops from northern parts of Finland. After declaring war on Germany, the Finns had practically driven out the German troops by November 1944.
In October 1944 the Soviet Union attacked on the Arctic front and within a month had pushed the Germans back from Petsamo and Kirkenes. The German troops in northern Norway then retreated southwards to Lyngen-Narvik, which they held at the time of Germany’s capitulation on 8 May 1945.
In Norway and northern Finland Luftflotte 5 was in charge of aerial operations. From May 1940 it was commanded by Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff and from November 1943 by Generalleutnant Josef Kammhuber. In October 1944 the remaining northern units were combined as ‘Die Deutsche Luftwaffe in Norwegen’ with Generalleutnant Ernst-August
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