A Text Book of Remedial Mathematics

A Textbook of

Remedial Mathematics

Third Edition

A Textbook of

Remedial Mathematics

Third Edition

P. Seshagiri Rao

M.Sc., M.Phil

Associate Professor

Department of Mathematics

Vignan Pharmacy College

Vadlamudi, Guntur Dist. (A.P)

A Textbook of Remedial Mathematics 3rd Edition by P. Seshagiri Rao

© 2018,2014, 2007, by Publisher, All rights reserved,

Third Edition 2018

No part of this book or parts thereof may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any language or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publishers.

Published by :

Printed at

Aditya Offset Process (I) Pvt. Ltd.

Hyderabad.

Price: Rs. 595.00

ISBN: 978-93-86819-49-9 (Paperback)

Dedicated to

My Beloved Parents

Foreword

This book ‘A Textbook of Remedial Mathematics' is a unique attempt, which tries to meet almost all the requirements of the pharmacy students. This book has fulfilled the requirements of all universities. The book can be recommended as a very useful reference book for the students and pharmacy professionals.

I congratulate the author for his sincere efforts and hard work put in for the benefit of the students.

Lastly I wish all the success for his future endeavours.

Dr. P. Srinivasa Babu

M.Pharm., Ph.D.

Professor & Principal

Vignan Pharmacy College,

Vadlamudi Post,

Chebrolu Mandal,

Guntur Dist - 522 213.

Preface to Third Edition

This 3rd edition is completely updated with totally new chapters and content in order to comply with the revised regulations for the B. Pharmacy(CBCS) and Pharm.D programs of the Pharmacy Council of India, New Delhi. This book completely meets all the specific requirements of the new PCI syllabus and I hope this book will be extremely useful to all the Pharmacy students of various universities across the country to secure 100% marks in Remedial Mathematics. This book can also be easily followed by the students of Bio-technology, food technology and various other technical and paramedical programs throughout the country.

The subject matter has been presented in detail in a simple form with clarity so as to enable students of varied background to understand the subject with less effort. An attempt has been made to explain the theory through illustrations, diagrams and examples for understanding the concepts involved, keeping in mind the different levels of intelligence. The book contains a good number of solved examples along with a large number of graded problems for practice in the exercises, provided under each topic and at the end of each chapter.

The author is extremely grateful to many individuals and organizations that have helped in various ways in bringing out this book. The author takes the opportunity to express his sincere thanks to the publisher, for their untiring efforts in bringing out this book adequately with a pleasant getup.

The author hopes that the students and teachers of Mathematics at Phannacy Colleges will appreciate our attempt and receive the book with enthusiasm.

Any shortcomings or errors that have crept in unnoticed may kindly be brought to our notice for rectification in the next edition.

Suggestions for the improvement and enhancing the utility of this book will be gratefully acknowledged.

-Author

Preface to First Edition

This book on Remedial Mathematics has been specially written for the students of Pharmacy Colleges affiliated to various universities and has entirely covered the revised syllabus in Mathematics.

The subject matter has been presented in detail in a simple form with clarity so as to enable students of varied background to understand the subject with less effort. An attempt has been made to explain the theory through illustrations, diagrams and examples for understanding the concepts involved, keeping in mind the different levels of intelligence. The book contains a good number of solved examples along with a large number of graded problems for practice in the exercises, provided under each topic and at the end of each chapter.

The author is extremely grateful to many individuals and organizations that have helped in various ways in bringing out this book. The author takes the opportunity to express his sincere thanks to the publisher, for their untiring efforts in bringing out this book adequately with a pleasant getup.

The author hopes that the students and teachers of Mathematics at Pharmacy Colleges will appreciate our attempt and receive the book with enthusiasm.

Any shortcomings or errors that have crept in unnoticed may kindly be brought to our notice for rectification in the next edition.

Suggestions for the improvement and enhancing the utility of this book will be gratefully acknowledged.

-Author

Acknowledgement

It gives me deep and profound pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my Principal, Dr. P. Srinivasa Babu, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, for his dense and dynamic interest and guidance and also providing facilities for carrying out part of the work in Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi.

The author expresses his heartfelt thanks to Vignan Educational Institutions for giving me the opportunity and for providing facilities.

The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. L. Rathaiah, Chairman and Executive Director, Sri.P. Koteswara Rao and other members of Vignan Educational Institutions for their encouragement and constant support.

The author express his special thanks to Principal, Dr. N. Srinivasu, Vignan Junior College, Vadlamudi. and all staff members for their encouragement and constant support.

Lastly author extends his gratefulness to all his family members for their moral support.

-Author

Contents

Foreword

Preface to Third Edition

Preface to First Edition

Acknowledgement

UNIT - I

ALGEBRA

Chapter - 1

Progressions

Chapter - 2

Basic Structural Modeling

Chapter - 3

Matrices

Chapter - 4

Binomial Theorem

Chapter - 5

Permutations and Combinations

Chapter - 6

Functions

Chapter - 7

Logarithms

Exercise Questions (Chapters 1 to 5)

Answers to Exercise Questions (Chapters 1 to 5)

Self Test Questions (Chapters 1 to 5)

UNIT - II

TRIGONOMETRY

Chapter - 8

Trigonometric Ratios

Chapter - 9

Compound Angles

Chapter - 10

Multiple and Sub-Multiple Angles

Chapter - 11

Heights and Distances

Exercise Questions (Chapters 8 to 11)

Answers to Exercise Questions (Chapters 8 to 11)

Self Test Questions (Chapters 8 to 11)

UNIT - III

GEOMETRY

Chapter - 12

Coordinate System

Chapter - 13

Locus

Chapter - 14

Straight Lines

Chapter - 15

Circles

Chapter - 16

Parabola

Exercise Questions (Chapters )

Answers to Exercise Questions (Chapters 12 to 16)

Self Test Questions (Chapters 12 to 16)

UNIT - IV

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Chapter - 17

Limits

Chapter - 18

Continuity

Chapter - 19

Differentiation

Chapter - 20

Successive Differentiation

Chapter - 21

Partial Differentiation

Chapter - 22

Maxima - Minima

Exercise Questions (Chapters 17 to 22 )

Answers to Exercise Questions (Chapters 17 to 22)

Self Test Questions (Chapters 17 to 22)

UNIT - V

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Chapter - 23

Indefinite Integrals

Chapter - 24

Definite Integrals

Chapter - 25

Areas

Exercise Questions (Chapters 23 to 25 )

Answers to Exercise Questions (Chapters 23 to 25)

Self Test Questions (Chapters 23 to 25)

UNIT - VI

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Chapter - 26

Differential Equations

Exercise Questions (Chapters 26 )

Answers to Exercise Questions (Chapters 26)

Self Test Questions (Chapters 26)

UNIT - VII

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Chapter - 27

Laplace Transforms

Exercise Questions (Chapters 27 )

Answers to Exercise Questions (Chapters 27)

Self Test Questions (Chapters 27)

UNIT - VIII

Chapter - 28

Applications of Differential Equations of First Order and First Degree

Chapter - 29

Linear Differential Equations of Second and Higher Order

UNIT-I

ALGEBRA

UNIT - I

ALGEBRA

Chapter 1

Progressions

1.1 Sequence (Progression)

An arrangement of numbers in a definite order according to some rule is called sequence of the numbers.

The sequence {t1 t2..............} is denoted by {tn}. The various numbers occurring in a sequence are called its terms. So in above sequence t1 t2............tn........... are terms of the sequence tn is nth term of the sequence. That is the nth term is the number at the nth position of the sequence.

A sequence which contains a finite number of terms is called finite sequence and a sequence which contains an infinite number of terms is called an infinite sequence.

Examples :

1.   2, 10, 50, 250, 1250 is a finite sequence

2.   

1.2 Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)

Definition: A sequence of numbers t1 t2, t3, t4 ............. is called an A.P if tn - tn-1 is constant for all n.

i.e. t2 - t3 = t3 - t2 = t4 - t3 =...................= constant.

This constant is called common difference and is generally denoted by d.

Ex :

1.   1, 3, 5, 7...............is an A.P.

here t1 = 1, t2 = 3, t3 = 5, t4 = 7...............

⇒  t2 - t1 = 3 - 1 = 2, t3 -t2 = 5 - 3 = 2..............

∴  t2 -t1 = t3 -t2 = t4 -t3 = t5 -14 =.............= constant = 2

∴  1,2, 5, 7,.............is an A.P. with common difference 2. In this progression the first terms is t1 = 1

Ex : 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 ..................is an A.P

here t1 = 10, t2 = 15, t3 = 20, t4 = 25.............

∴  t2 - t1 = 15 - 10 = 5, t3 - t2 = 20 - 15 = 5...............

∴  t2 - t1 = t3 — = t4 — t3 =............= constant = 5

∴  10, 15, 20..............is an A.P with common difference 5. Here the first term is t1 = 10.

Note: The A.P with first term a and common difference d is a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d,....... here the nth term tn = a + (n - 1) d.

since,   t1 = a = a + (1 - 1) d

 t2 = a + d = a + (2 - 1 )d

 t3 = a + 2d = a + (3 - 1 )d

 tn = a + (n - l)d

So nth term of an AP = first term + (n - 1) common difference

Ex : Suppose in an A.P with first term 2, and common difference 4 then its nth term

 tn = a + (n-l)d

   = 2 + (n- 1) . 4

   = 2 + 4n - 4    (∵ first term a = 2, common difference is 4)

   = 4n-2

If we have first term a and common difference d of an AP then we can find the term which is in any position. Also we can from the sequence.

Ex : If a = 2, d = 3 then find t|0 also form the corresponding A.P.

Sol. given first term a = 2, common difference d = 3.

We have tn = a + (n - 1 )d

      t10 = a + (10 - 1) d = a + 9d = 2 + 9.(3)

           = 2 + 27 = 29

also the corresponding sequence is

      a, a + d a + 2d ...............

i.e.         2, 5, 8, 11,....................

Properties of an A.P.

1.   If a constant is added to each term of an A.P the resulting sequence is also an A.P.

Ex: 2, 4, 6, ........... is a sequence of an A.P with first term 2 and common difference 2.

Now forming another A.P. by adding some constant ‘3’ to above sequence we get

      2 + 3, 4 + 3, 6 + 3,...........

i.e.         5, 7, 9,..............is also an A.P.

since    t2-t1 = 7- 5 = 2

      t3-t2 = 9- 7 = 2

      .....................

      .....................

      ∴ t2 - t1 = t3 - t2 =.................= constant = 2.

2. If a constant is subtracted from each of an A.P, the resulting sequence is also an A.P.

Ex: Take the above example

2, 4, 6, 8..................... is an A.P

Consider 2-3, 4-3, 6-3, 8-3,.................

   (by subtracting 3 from each of term of the sequence)

i-e.    -1,1,3, 5.................

it is also an A.P. since

      t1 =-1, t2 = 1, t3 = 3, t4 = 5...............

      t2-t1 = 1-(-1) = 2

      t3 - t2 = 3 - 1 = 2

       t4-t3- 5- 3- 2

      .....................

      .....................

∴  t2 - t1 = t3 - t2 =............= constant = 2.

∴  a constat is subtracted from each of an A.P; the resulting sequence is also an A.P.

3.   If each term of an A.P is multiplied by a constant, then the resulting sequence is also an A.P.

Ex: Consider an A.P,    2, 4, 6, 8,............

multiplying each with 5, we get

      10, 20,30, 40 ...............

clearly it is also an A.P

      ∵ t2-t1 = 20- 10= 10,

       t3-t2 = 30-20= 10

      .....................

      .....................

     ∴ t2 - t1= t3 - t2 =...........= constat = 10.

4.   If each term of an A.P is divided by non zero constant then the resulting sequence is also an A.P.

Ex: Consider an A.P,    2, 4, 6, 8................

obtain a new sequence by dividing each of above by 4,

we get    

i.e.    

5.   Suppose the three given numbers are in A.P then let them taken as a - d, a, a + d

6.   Suppose the four given numbers are in A.P then let them taken as a - 3d, a - d, a + d, and a + 3d,

7.   The three given numbers a, b, c are in A.P

then      2b = a + c

since      c-b = b-a            (i.e common difference is same)

⇒     2b = a + c

8.   (n + l)th term of an A.P is obtained by adding the common difference to its nth term

i.e⇒     tn+1=tn + d       (∵ tn+1-tn= d)

Solved Examples

1.   Find the common difference and write the next 4 term of each of the following arithmetic progressions.

Sol. (i)   The given sequence is 3, 6, 9, 12,...................

     ∴t1 =3, t2 = 6, t3 = 9, t4= 12

     ∴common difference = t2 — t1 = 6 — 3 = 3.

     ∴t5 = t4 + 3 = 12 + 3 = 15        (∵ by property (8) )

     t6 = t5 + 3 = 15 + 3 = 18

     t7 = t6 + 3 = 18 + 3 = 21

     t8 = t7 + 3 = 21 + 3 = 24

     ∴ the next 4 terms are 15, 18, 21, 24.

∴Common difference

(iii)   The given sequence is x + y, x - y, x - 3y.............

t1= x + y ,t2 = x - y , t3 = x - 3y

∴common difference = d = t2 - t1

                         =(x - y) - (x + y) = x - y - x - y

                         = -2y

∴ t4 = t3 + d = (x-3y) +(-2y) = x-5y

t5 = t4 + d = (x - 5y)+ (-2y)= x-7y

t6= t5 + d = (x- 7y) + (-2y)= x-9y

t7 + t6 + d = (x - 9y) + (-2y) = x - 11y

∴the next 4 terms are x -5y, x -7y, x - 9y, x-1ly

2.   Find the idential terms in each of the following arithmetic progressions.

Sol. (i)   We know that nth term of an arithmetic progression tn = a + (n - 1 )d

here a = 21, d = 16-21=-5

∴ t20 = (21) + (20 -1) (-5)

         = 21 +(19) (-5) = 21 -95 =-74

and t25 = a + (25 - 1 )d

         = 21 +(24) (-5) = 21 - 120 = -99

         also tn = a +(n - 1 )d

            = 21 + (η-1) (-5)

= 26 - 5n

(ii)   n - 1, n - 2, n - 3 .................

here a = n - 1, d = (n - 2) - (n - 1)

               = -1

∴   tn = a + (n-l)d

  = (n - 1) + (n - 1) . (-1) = 0

Sol.    (i) given a = -4, t10 = 14

we know that nth term of an A.P is

          tn = a + (n - 1 )d

Since t10 = 14 ⇒a + (10-1).d = 14

          ⇒ -4 + (9)d= 14

          9d= 14 + 4= 18

          ⇒9d=18⇒d = 2

∴  d = 2, we have a = -4

∴  t30 = a + (30 - 1) d

         = -4 + (29) (2)

= -4 + 58 = 54

(ii) given a = y + p; d = 2p.

tn = a + (n - 1) d

         = (y + p) + (n - 1) . 2p

= (2n + 1) p + j - 2p

Sol.    (i) Given A.P is 5, 2,-1,............

∴  a = 5, d = 2 - 5 = -3

Suppose nth term = tn = -22

∴  tn = a + (n - 1) d =-22

         ⇒ 5 + (n- 1). (-3) = -22

         ⇒ 5 - 3n + 3 = -22

         ⇒ 8 - 3n = -22 ⇒-3n = -30 ⇒ n = 10

∴  10th term is -22

(ii) Given A.P is 1, 6, 11, 16,................

∴  a = 1,  d = 6-1 = 5

Suppose nth term = t = 301

∴   a + (n-1)d = 301

   ⇒ 1+(n-l)5 = 301 ⇒(n-1)5 = 300

   ⇒ n - 1 = 60

⇒ n = 61.

∴  61st term is 301.

Sol.    (i) Given t6= 12, t8 = 22

Let a be first term and d be the common difference of the sequence

∴  t6 = a + (6 - 1)d = 12 ⇒ a + 5d = 12           .....(1)

   t8 = a + (8- 1)d = 22

⇒  a + 7d = 22                                          .....(2)

         (2) - (1) ⇒ 2d = 10 ⇒ d = 5

   Substitute d = 5 in (1) we get

   i.e. in a + 5d = 12 ⇒ a+5(5) =12

         ⇒ a = 12-25 = -13.

∴  a = -13, d = 5

now t2 = a+(2-1)d = a + d= -13 + 5=-8

tr = a + (r- 1) d =-13 + (r- 1)5 =-13 + 5r-5

= 5r — 18

(ii) Given that t10 = 52, and t16 = 82

∴   a + (10-1)d = 52 = ⇒ a + 9d = 52         .....(1)

a + (16 - 1) d = 82⇒a + 15d = 82         .....(2)

(2)-(1) ⇒ 15d - 9d = 30 ⇒ 6d = 30 ⇒ d = 5

Substitute d = 5 in (1) i.e. in a + 9d = 52

         ∴ a + 9(5) = 52

         ⇒ a + 45 = 52

         ⇒ a = 7

∴   a = 7, d = 5

Hence t32 = a + (32 - 1 )d

         = 7 + (31).5

         = 7+ 155 = 162

∴   32nd term = 162

6. Split 69 into 3 parts such that they are in A.P and the product of two small parts is483.

Sol. Let the three numbers be a - d, a, a + d

∴   a-d + a + a + d = 69

         ⇒ 3a = 69 ⇒ a = 23

also product of two small parts = 483

         ⇒ a (a - d) = 483

         ⇒ 23(23 - d) = 483 ⇒ 23 - d = 21

         ⇒ d = 2

∴   a - d = 23 - 2 = 21, a + d = 23 + 2 = 25

∴ three numbers are 21,23, 25.

7. Find three numbers in A.P whose sum is 21 and product is 315.

Sol. Let the three numbers be a - d, a, a + d

∴   a-d + a + a + d = 21

⇒   3a = 21

⇒   a = 7 and (a - d)a (a + d) = 315 ⇒ 7(a - d) (a + d) = 315

⇒   a² - d² = 45 ⇒ d² = 4 ⇒ d = + 2

when a = 7, d = -2 ⇒ a - d, a, a + d are 9, 7, 5

a = 7, d = 2 then a -d, a a + d as 5, 7, 9.

8. The pth, qth, rth terms of an A.P are a, b, c respectively show that

(q - r) a + (r - p) b + (p - q) c = 0

Sol. Let t be first term, d be common difference of the A.P.

∴   Tp = t + (p- l)d = a;  Tq = t + (q-l)d;  Tr = t + (r-l)d

∴   Σ(q-r)a = ∴(q-r)(t + (p-l)d)

         = ∴(q-r)t + ∴(q-r) (p - l)d

         = t ∴(q - r) + d ∴(p - 1) (q — r)

         = t(0) + d[∴ p(q-r)-∴(q-r)]

         = t(0) + d [0 - 0]

= 0 + d(0) = 0

Exercise -1.1

Answers