Narrow Band-Pass Filters for Low Frequency Applications: Evaluation of Eight Electronics Filter Design Topologies
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About this ebook
Narrow Band-pass filtering techniques have been a challenging task since the inception of audio and telecommunication applications. The challenge involves keeping quality factor, gain and mid-frequency of the filter independent of each other. The critical applications require a design that ensures mid-frequency immune to the circuit component tolerances. It becomes increasingly difficult for low-frequency applications where the shift in few Hz in mid-frequency would cause desired frequencies to fall outside the filter’s bandwidth and go undetected. The selection of right topology of the filter for the best performance is the key to successful design. This book objectively compares the relative performance of eight popular narrow band-pass filter topologies. The filter topologies are evaluated using a real-world practical example of designing an extremely narrow band-pass filter. The book provides guidelines for selecting the right topology for the low-frequency narrow band-pass filter.
Raman K Attri
Raman K Attri is a corporate business researcher, learning strategist, and management consultant with a strong zeal to enable people to unravel human learning and performance. He specializes in providing the competitive and strategic value to the organizations by accelerating time-to-proficiency of employees through well-researched models. He holds a doctorate in business from Southern Cross University, Australia. His international professional career spanned over 25 years across a range of disciplines such as scientific research, systems engineering, management consulting, training operations, professional teaching, and learning design. A strong proponent of learning as the core of human success, he provides advisory on accelerated learning techniques which earned him over 60 educational credentials including doctorate degrees, three masters’ degrees and tens of international certifications. Despite physical disability since childhood, he leveraged it to learn, research and test a range of “how to methods” to accelerate the rate of personal learning and professional performance at the workplace. He has published his methods in scholarly journals, blogs, books, and conferences. He also runs a non-profit consulting forum focused on researching strategies to accelerate speed to proficiency.
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Narrow Band-Pass Filters for Low Frequency Applications - Raman K Attri
NARROW BAND-PASS FILTERS FOR LOW FREQUENCY APPLICATIONS
Evaluation of Eight Electronics Filter Design Topologies
Dr. Raman K. Attri
Copyrights © 2018 Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro©. All rights reserved.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Write to the publisher/author for seeking explicit permission for any reproduction, inclusion or usage in another publication. Provide an appropriate reference/citation to this publication when posting brief excerpts or quotations from this text on social media channels.
ISBN: 978-981-11-9872-4 (e-book)
ISBN 978-981-14-0133-6 (paperback)
First published: 2018
Draft written: 2005
Lead author: Raman K. Attri
Published by Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro©
Published at Singapore
Printed in the United States of America
National Library Board, Singapore Cataloguing in Publication Data
Name(s): Attri, Raman K., 1973-
Title: Narrow band-pass filters for low frequency applications : evaluation of eight electronics filter design topologies / Dr Raman K. Attri.
Other title(s): R. Attri instrumentation design series (electronics)
Description: Singapore : Speed To Proficiency Research, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifier(s): OCN 1077481515 | ISBN 978-981-14-0133-6 (paperback) | ISBN 978-981-11-9872-4 (e-book)
Subject(s): LCSH: Electric network topology. | Electric filters, Bandpass. | Electronic books.
Classification: DDC 621.38215--dc23
Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro©
A research and consulting forum
Singapore 560463
https://www.speedtoproficiency.com
rkattri@speedtoproficiency.com
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To my little brother – Deepak, whose childhood I missed experiencing
------------------------------
R. Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Electronics)
CONTENTS
NARROW BAND-PASS FILTERS FOR LOW FREQUENCY APPLICATIONS
ABOUT THE BOOK
CHAPTER 1 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTREMELY NARROW BAND-PASS FILTERS
1.1. Practical Challenges
1.2. Design Exercise
1.3. Topologies for Filter Design
CHAPTER 2 ONE OP-AMP FILTER TOPOLOGIES
2.1 Sallen-Key Topology
Electronics Design
Frequency Response/Performance
2.2 Multiple Feedback (MFB) Topology
Electronics Design
Frequency Response/Performance
2.3 Active Twin-T Topology
Electronics Design
Frequency Response/Performance
2.4 Modified Deliyannis Topology
Electronics Design
Frequency Response/Performance
CHAPTER 3 TWO OP-AMPS FILTER TOPOLOGIES
3.1 Fliege Topology
Electronics Design
Frequency Response/Performance
CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE OF ONE AND TWO OP-AMPS FILTER TOPOLOGIES
4.1 Performance Comparison
Sallen-Key
MFB
Modified Deliyaanis
Active Twin-T
Fliege
4.2 Tradeoffs in Selection
4.3 Cascading Multiple Stages of One or Two Op-amps
CHAPTER 5 THREE AND FOUR OP-AMPS FILTER TOPOLOGIES
5.1 Multiple Op-amps Topologies
5.2 Akerberg-Mossberg Topology
Electronics Design
5.3 State-variable Topology
Electronics Design
Frequency Response/Performance
Modified State-variable Filter
5.4 Biquad Topology
Frequency Response/Performance
Cascaded Biquad Filter
CHAPTER 6 COMPONENT SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Selection Considerations for Resistors
6.2 Selection Considerations for Capacitors
6.3 Selection Considerations for Operational Amplifiers
CHAPTER 7 SOURCES OF NOISE AND REDUCTION TECHNIQUES IN INSTRUMENTATION
7.1 Noise Sources
7.2 Internal Noise Sources
White Noise
Fliker Noise (1/F Noise)
Popcorn Noise
Barkhausen Noise
Contact Noise
Transit Time Noise
Partition Noise
7.3 External Noise Sources
Switching Current & Voltages
Power Lines Interference
Sparking And Radiation
Environmental And Atmospheric Noise
Electrostatic Discharge
7.4 Local Noise Sources
Coupling Noise
Crosstalk
Power Supply Induced Noise
Interfacing & Cable Noise
7.5 Internal Noise Reduction Techniques
7.6 External Noise Reduction Techniques
Faraday Shield
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protection
Enclosure Shield
7.7 Local Noise Reduction Techniques
Shielding for Capacitive Coupling
Shielding for Magnetic Coupling
Techniques to Reduce Ground Loops
Techniques to Reduce High-frequency Effects
Techniques to Reduce Interconnecting Cable Noise
Techniques to Reduce Power Supply Noise
REFERENCES
INDEX
THE AUTHOR
ABOUT THE BOOK
Narrow Band-pass filtering techniques have been a challenging task since the inception of audio and telecommunication applications. The challenge involves keeping quality factor, gain and mid-frequency of the filter independent of each other. The critical applications require a design that ensures mid-frequency immune to the circuit component tolerances. It becomes increasingly difficult for low-frequency applications where the shift in few Hz in mid-frequency would cause desired frequencies to fall outside the filter’s bandwidth and go undetected. The selection of right topology of the filter for the best performance is the key to successful design. This book objectively compares the relative performance of eight popular narrow band-pass filter topologies. The filter topologies are evaluated using a real-world practical example of designing an extremely narrow band-pass filter. The book provides guidelines for selecting the right topology for the low-frequency narrow band-pass filter.
PREVIOUS WORK
This book was originally conceptualized and authored in 2005-2006. As such it should be read remembering the time frame. The author does not claim contemporariness of the concepts, though the principles discussed in this book are universally applicable for analog electronics design. The chapters in this series previously appeared as working papers:
Attri, RK 2005, ‘Evaluation of Single op-amp Topologies For Extremely Narrow Band-Pass Filter Design,’ R.Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Electronics), Paper No. 3, Sept 2005. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.13140/RG.2.1.4755.5920.
Attri, RK 2005, ‘Design Analysis and Evaluation of 1 and 2 op‐amp Topology for Design of Stable Narrow Band‐Pass Filter,’ R.Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Electronics), Paper No. 5, Sept 2005. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4231.3040.
Attri, RK 2005, ‘Design of stable Narrow Band-Pass Filter using Multi-stage Biquad Topology,’ R.Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Electronics), Paper No.