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    Adrenal Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Adrenal Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Adrenal Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Ebook108 pages1 hour

    Adrenal Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

    By Kenneth Kee

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    About this ebook

    This book describes Adrenal Gland Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases
    The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that are located at the top of the kidneys.
    In humans, the right adrenal gland has a triangular shape while the left adrenal gland has a semi lunar shape.
    They are mainly accountable for releasing hormones in reaction to stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids such as cortisol and catecholamine such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.
    They also release androgens.
    The adrenal glands can involve kidney function through the secretion of aldosterone, a hormone secreted in regulating the osmolarity of blood plasma.
    Each adrenal gland has two distinct structures, the outer adrenal cortex and the inner medulla, both of which secrete hormones.
    The cortex mainly secretes cortisol, aldosterone and androgens, while the medulla chiefly secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
    Unlike the direct innervation of the medulla, the cortex is controlled by neuroendocrine hormones secreted from the pituitary gland which are regulated by the hypothalamus, and by the renin-angiotensin system.
    Both of its regions are centers of formation of some vitally important hormones, having specific functions.
    These powerful little endocrine glands produce and secrete steroid hormones such as cortisol, estrogen and testosterone that are necessary for life, health and vitality.
    The adrenal glands have an important part in blood sugar metabolism and energy production.
    Glucocorticoids are necessary to life and after removal of both adrenals humans will not live for long without glucocorticoid replacement.
    Cortisol, an adrenal hormone, functions with insulin to maintain healthy levels of circulating glucose
    Adrenal gland disorders happen when the adrenal glands do not function properly.
    When the adrenal glands secrete too little or too many hormones, or when too many hormones come into the body from an outside source, serious health disorders can occur.
    Overall, adrenal gland disorders are normally rare.
    The number of people involved and at risk is dependent on the specific adrenal gland disorder.
    These disorders can happen if there is a disorder with the adrenal gland itself, such as a disease, genetic mutation, tumor, or infection.
    Occasionally the disorder occurs from a problem in another gland, such as the pituitary, which helps to control the adrenal gland.
    Also, some medicines can produce problems with how the adrenal glands function.
    1. Adrenal tumors produce symptoms because they cause the over- or under-production of certain hormones by the adrenal gland.
    2. Hyperaldosteronism: the adrenal glands secrete too much aldosterone.
    3. Pheochromocytoma: the adrenal glands release excessive amounts of catecholamines.
    4. Cushing's syndrome: the adrenal glands form too much cortisol in the endogenous form.
    5. Adrenal insufficiency indicates a group of diseases featured by underproduction of cortisol or aldosterone.
    6. Addison's disease is a rare disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol).
    This can be induced by an autoimmune reaction, by some infections or by some other rarer causes.
    7. Congenital adrenal hyperplasias are genetic defects of enzymes affected in cortisol production and can involve the sex characteristics of affected patients.
    8. Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome is adrenal gland failure because of bleeding into the adrenal glands, produced by severe bacterial infection.
    The ACTH stimulation test may be done to diagnose some of these disorders
    Adrenal fatigue occurs when the adrenal glands are overworked and depleted.

    TABLE OF CONTENT
    Introduction
    Chapter 1 Adrenal Gland
    Chapter 2 Diseases
    Chapter 3 Pheochromocytoma
    Chapter 4 Adrenal Cancer
    Chapter 5 Cushing Syndrome
    Chapter 6 Adrenal In

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateMar 24, 2019
    ISBN9780463600276
    Adrenal Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      Adrenal Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee

      Adrenal Diseases,

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      To

      The Condition,

      Diagnosis,

      Treatment

      And

      Related Conditions

      By

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2019 Smashwords Edition

      Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      To my wife Dorothy

      And my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      And Kelvin

      This book describes Adrenal Gland Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

      (What You Need to Treat Adrenal Gland Diseases)

      This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Introduction

      I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

      My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

      Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

      I then wrote an autobiolographical account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

      This autobiolographical account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

      From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

      Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

      For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

      The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

      The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

      Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

      As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

      Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

      I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

      I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

      I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

      Chapter 1

      Adrenal Gland

      What is the Adrenal Gland?

      The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that are located at the top of the kidneys.

      In humans, the right adrenal gland has a triangular shape while the left adrenal gland has a semi lunar shape.

      They are mainly accountable for releasing hormones in reaction to stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids such as cortisol and catecholamine such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

      They also release androgens.

      The adrenal glands can involve kidney function through the secretion of aldosterone, a hormone secreted in regulating the osmolarity of blood plasma.

      The adrenal glands are sited in the retroperitoneum superior to the kidneys.

      They are located bilaterally.

      The combined weight of the adrenal glands in an adult human varies from 7 to 10grams.

      They are enclosed by an adipose capsule and renal fascia.

      Each adrenal gland has two distinct structures, the outer adrenal cortex and the inner medulla, both of which secrete hormones.

      The cortex mainly secretes cortisol, aldosterone and androgens, while the medulla chiefly secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

      Unlike the direct innervation of the medulla, the cortex is controlled by neuroendocrine hormones secreted from the pituitary gland which are regulated by the hypothalamus, and by the renin-angiotensin system.

      Both of its regions are centers of formation of some vitally important hormones, having specific functions.

      Each adrenal gland weighs about 4 g and locates in close proximity to a kidney.

      The adrenal glands are sited in the posterior abdomen, between the superomedial kidney and the diaphragm.

      They are retroperitoneal, with parietal peritoneum enveloping their anterior surface only.

      The right gland is triangular in shape, in contrast with the semi-lunar shape of

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