The German Army Handbook of 1918

1918.

CHAPTER I.

RECRUITING AND RECRUIT TRAINING.

1. Liability to server.—In peace, every male German was liable to military service (wehrpflichtig) from his 17th to his 45th birthday.

Although not liable in peace to service in the standing army until his 20th year, every German, on reaching the age of 17, automatically became liable to serve in the Landsturm, i.e., the category intended primarily for home defence. Every man belonged to the Landsturm 1st Ban between the ages of 17 and 20.

2. Recruiting in peace.—In peace, liability to service in the standing army commenced when a man had reached the age of 20, and consisted of 2 years’ aktiv colour-service (3 years in the cavalry and horse artillery), followed by successive periods in the Reserve, (4 or 5 years), Landwehr (11 years), and Landsturm 2nd Ban (7 years). All men passed to the Landsturm 2nd Ban on the 1st of April in the year on which they reached the age of 39.

After completing his period of colour-service, a man was, in peace, liable to be called out for two annual trainings while in the Reserve, and after passing to the Landwehr 2nd Ban was free from further service.

3. Annual enrolment.—The annual recruit contingent, or class (Jahresklasse), comprises all men who attain their 20th birthday during the year in question. Thus, the men of the 1900 "Jahrgang" form the 1920 Class (Jahresklasse).

In peace the preliminary enrolment or mustering (Musterung) of the annual recruit contingent took place in the spring of each year. At this muster the following different categories came up for medical examination :—

(a.) All men who would attain their 20th birthday in that particular year.

(b.) Restanten¹ from the two previous years.

(c.) A few older men who for special reasons had been allowed to postpone their service.

(d.) Younger men who had been allowed to come up before their normal time; i.e., chiefly men who wished to adopt the army as their profession.

The final classification and disposal of the above categories in the three years preceding the war were as under :—

Men on the Restanten-Liste, after having been put back at three successive musters, were finally released from their obligation to serve, and posted to the Untrained Landsturm. The actual calling of the annual class, i.e., its assembly in the depôts, took place on the 1st October in each year.

For the years 1914—1919 a gross total of 650,000 may be assumed for each annual class, before the elimination of the unfits. Actually, during the war, the net figures for the various classes have only averaged between 400,000 and 500,000 men each year. The reduction in the net figures has been due partly to the number of men who anticipated their calling up by volunteering, partly to the physical deficiency of men called up before their time, and partly to the necessity of retaining men in skilled occupations.

4. The Ersatz² Reserve.—In peace, the annual contingent necessary to maintain the Army and Navy was about 240,000 men in 1912, but had risen to 305,000 in 1913, for the Army alone, owing to the passing of the Peace Strength Law of 1912.

As the annual class was greatly in excess of this figure, even after the weeding out of the unfits, a certain number of men (87,000 in 1912) were turned over each year to the Ersatz-Reserve (Supplementary Reserve).

The Ersatz Reserve was made up of—

(a.) Men fit for active service, but excused for family or economic reasons, and

(b.) Men with minor physical defects.

These men nominally remained in the Ersatz Reserve for 12 years, during which time they were liable to be called up for three annual trainings. Only a small proportion of the Ersatz Reserve underwent training.

After passing 12 years in the Ersatz Reserve, the trained men were transferred to the Landwehr 2nd Ban, while the untrained men were transferred to the Landsturm 1st Ban.

On mobilization, the Ersatz Reserve amounted to a total of about one million men, aged between 20 and 32.

As regards the employment of the Ersatz Reserve in war, it should be borne in mind that men of this category have not necessarily been incorporated in Ersatz formations; for instance, a very high percentage of Ersatz Reservists filled the ranks of the first series of new formation Reserve divisions in 1914. Conversely the brigade Ersatz battalions in the original Ersatz divisions contained a majority of reservists and Landwehr men.

5. One-year volunteers.—In peace, young men of good education who undertook to clothe, feed and equip themselves during their period of service, and who attained a satisfactory standard of proficiency in their duties, were permitted to transfer to the Reserve as aspirant officers at the end of one year’s service only. After undergoing two annual trainings with the Reserve, and passing a military examination, they were graded as Reserve Officers.

These men were known as one-year volunteers (Einjährig-freiwillige), and wore an edging of twisted cord of the State colours on their shoulder straps as a distinguishing mark.

6. Categories.—The following diagram shows the different classes forming the categories, trained and untrained, which were liable for service in July, 1914, and also the annual classes which have become liable for service since that time. Men of all the undermentioned classes and categories were serving in the German field army at the end of 1917 :—

7. Recruiting in war.—In war, the period of liability to be called up for military service is, as in peace time, between the ages of 17 and 45, with the following differences :—

(a.) The annual classes can be called up and sent to the front before reaching the age of 20.

(b.) All transfers from one category to another (i.e., from Active to Reserve, from Reserve to Landwehr, and from Landwehr to Landsturm) are suspended, except in a few cases of men who have been incapacitated by wounds or sickness, and are on that account definitely transferred to the Landsturm.

(c.) Men are not released from service on reaching the age of 45.

(d.) Men previously rejected as permanently unfit can be re-examined and called upon to serve. (Law of 9th September, 1915.)

In war, the enlistment of the recruits of a new class involves three distinct processes :—

(a.) Inscription on the Landsturm Lists (Meldung zur Stammrolle), which takes place from time to time in each recruiting district (Aushebungsbezirk) for all youths who have reached the age of 17.

(b.) Medical inspection (Musterung), when the men of the annual class in each district are assembled, medically examined and classified according to their fitness or otherwise for service.

(c.) Calling up (Einziehung) for active service, when the reservists are actually incorporated in the standing army and join a depot.

At the medical inspection the recruits are classified as follows :—

(a.) K.V.—Kriegsverwendungsfähige (= fit for active service).

(b.) G.V.—Garnisonsverwendungsfähige (= fit for garrison duty in Germany, on the Lines of Communication, or in the field).

(c.) A.V.—Arbeitsverwendungsfähige (= fit for labour employment).

(d.) D.U.—Dauernd-untaugliche (= permanently unfit).

When a class is called up, the K.V. men are at once sent to the depots of field units; the G.V. and A.V. men are sent to Landsturm formations (see Chapter XVI.). The "Dauernd-untaugliche," although temporarily exempted, are always liable to be re-examined; if then considered fit they are posted to a depôt.

After the medical inspection, and before being called up for service, a recruit engaged on an essential trade may be exempted on the application of his employer ("reklamiert"). These men have been combed out from time to time during the war.

8. War volunteers.—During the war a certain number of young men, between the ages of 17 and 20, have been allowed to volunteer for active service before the calling up of their class. These men are known as war volunteers (Kriegsfreiwillige).

In 1914, volunteers came forward in very large numbers and included a fair percentage of men, over 20 years of age, who had been posted to the untrained Landsturm, and were thus released from their obligation to serve in peace. In 1915 there was a marked falling off, and from that time onwards it may be estimated that about 5 per cent. of each class has anticipated its calling up by volunteering.

9. Stages of recruiting during the war.—The accompanying diagram shows the stages of recruiting since the beginning of the war.

The Reserve and Landwehr were practically all absorbed by the expansion of the Army which took place on or shortly after mobilization.

The Ersatz Reserve began to come into the depôts in considerable numbers in September, 1914, when it contributed towards the first series of new formation Reserve divisions. The rest of this category was called up during 1915.

The 1914 Class was called up about the time when it was normally due (end of September, 1914), together with the Restanten of the 1914 muster, and a certain number of war volunteers. The total number of men thus produced was probably over a million. The calling up of these men was spread over a period of 3 months, as the depôts were full of Ersatz reservists. They were sent to the front after 3 or 4 months’ training, and, in addition to providing drafts for existing units, they helped in the creation of the second series of new formation Reserve divisions numbered 75-82 and 8th Bavarian.

The Landsturm. was then extensively drawn on to make good the losses of the winter campaign, and the Landsturm classes, called up in successive batches, continued to supply drafts until the close of 1915, when the last of the 2nd Ban was exhausted.

Meanwhile, the 1915 Class had been called up during the months of April, May and June, 1915, followed by the 1916 Class between August and November of the same year. The 1915 Class was sent to the front after 4 months’ training, the 1916 Class after an average of 4 to 5 months’ training.

The heavy fighting of the summer and autumn of 1915 had proved such a heavy drain on Germany’s man-power that drastic measures had to be adopted in the autumn of that year to tap fresh resources.

The men who had been previously rejected as permanently unfit for service were re-examined under more stringent conditions. As this source provided only indifferent material, the next resort was to "comb Out" labour, first agricultural, and finally industrial. Even munition factories were called upon to provide their quota.

The 1917 Class was called up between January and May, 1916, i.e., over 18 months in advance of its normal time. This class was rapidly exhausted owing to the heavy losses at Verdun and on the Somme. Part of the 1917 Class was sent to the front after only 3 months’ training.

The calling up of the 1918 Class took place between September, 1916, and January, 1917, 2 years before it was due. The first recruits of this class were posted to field units in January, and the class was exhausted as a source of drafts by the end of July, 1917. It contributed to a large extent towards the formation of the new infantry regiments numbered from 442 onwards (231st to 242nd and 15th Bavarian Divisions).

Although elements of the 1919 Class 1 years before it was due. The appearance of the 1919 class in units on the Western Front during 1917 was avoided by drafting the recruits of this class to the Russian Front, and by withdrawing seasoned troops from that front to replace the losses suffered on the Western Front during the