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    Bone Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Bone Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Bone Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Ebook160 pages1 hour

    Bone Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

    By Kenneth Kee

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    This book describes Bone Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases
    Bones are rigid organs that provide support and protection of the different organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.
    The bones that comprise the skeleton are all very much alive, growing and changing all the time like other parts of the body.
    There are many disorders of the skeleton.
    A.Osteoporosis is a disease of bone density leading to a higher risk of fracture.
    In osteoporosis:
    1.The bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced,
    2.Bone micro architecture is interrupted, and
    3.The quantity and range of non-collagenous proteins in bone is changed.
    B. Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone tissue by pyogenic bacteria and fungus.
    The causes of Osteomyelitis are
    1.Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (80%).
    2.Streptococci Group A & B
    3.Enterobacter species
    4.Hemophilus influenzae
    5.Pneumococci
    6.Salmonellae
    Systemic mycotic (fungal) infections may also cause osteomyelitis.
    1.Blastomyces dermatitidis
    2.Coccidioides immitis.
    Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent bacteria in osteomyelitis resulting from bone injury and infection.
    C. Paget’s disease is a widespread disease of bones often involving excessive bone resorption and replacement by coarse trabecular bone resulting in abnormal histological patterns and gross deformities.
    Paget’s disease is a chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones.
    Paget’s disease is caused by the excessive breakdown and formation of bone followed by disorganized bone remodeling.
    This causes affected bone to weaken resulting in pain, misshapen bones, fractures and arthritis in the joints near the affected bones.
    D.A fracture is a break usually in a bone.
    If the broken bone punctures the skin, it is called an open or compound fracture.
    Fractures often happen because of car accidents, falls or sports injuries.
    Other causes are low bone density and osteoporosis which cause weakened bones.
    Overuse can cause stress fractures which are very small cracks in the bone.
    Common types of fractures are:
    1.Stable fracture.
    The broken ends of the bone line up and are barely out of place
    It can be reduced by closed reduction and POP bandaging
    2.Open, compound fracture.
    The skin may be pierced by the bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at the time of the fracture.
    This may require surgical debridement and reduction under sterile condition.
    3.Transverse fracture has a horizontal fracture line caused by direct trauma of indirect trauma.
    It is reduced by adduction or abduction followed by POP bandaging
    4.Oblique fracture has an angled pattern.
    This can still be reduced through closed reduction and POP bandaging
    5.Comminuted fracture -the bone shatters into three or more pieces
    E.Osteomalacia is a metabolic bone condition in adults featured by the lack of mineralization of the bone or osteoid matrix although the osteoid is otherwise normal and the osteoid bone is unaltered.
    Osteomalacia occurs:
    1.When there are vitamin D deficiencies due to diet, malnutrition, inadequate sunlight
    2.Certain medicines can cause Osteomalacia
    a.Heparin
    b.Anti-seizure medications phenytoin and phenobarbital
    c.Oral corticosteroids
    F.Osteoarthritis is a degenerative medical disorder of the joints in the human body, mainly due to aging and wear and tear.
    The cartilage lining of the joint is worn down such that the underlying bone comes into contact with each other causing pain and swelling.
    G. Multiple myeloma is malignant cells of the bone marrow which occurs from the uncontrolled growth of plasma cells.
    New biological therapy and stem cells have improved the treatment of multiple myeloma and osteosarcoma.

    TABLE OF CONTENT
    Introduction
    Chapter 1 The Bone
    Chapter 2 Bone and Diseases
    Chapter

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateFeb 11, 2019
    ISBN9780463269244
    Bone Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      Bone Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee

      Bone Diseases,

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      To

      The Condition,

      Diagnosis,

      Treatment

      And

      Related Conditions

      By

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2019 Smashwords Edition

      Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      To my wife Dorothy

      And my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      And Kelvin

      This book describes Bone Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

      (What You Need to Treat Bone Diseases)

      This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Introduction

      I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

      My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

      Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

      I then wrote an autobiolographical account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

      This autobiolographical account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

      From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

      Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

      For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

      The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

      The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

      Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

      As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

      Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

      I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

      I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

      I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

      Chapter 1

      The Bone

      What are Bones?

      Bones are rigid organs that provide support and protection of the different organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.

      Bone tissue is a form of dense connective tissue.

      The bones that comprise the skeleton are all very much alive, growing and changing all the time like other parts of the body.

      Almost every bone in the body is composed of the same materials:

      The outer surface of bone is termed the periosteum

      It is a thin, dense membrane that has nerves and blood vessels nourishing the bone.

      The next layer is composed of compact bone.

      This component is smooth and very hard.

      It is the component a person sees when a person looks at a skeleton.

      Inside the compact bone are many layers of cancellous bone, which appears a bit like a sponge.

      Cancellous bone is not quite as solid as compact bone, but it is still very strong.

      In many bones, the cancellous bone guards the innermost part of the bone, the bone marrow.

      Bone marrow

      Bone marrow can be present in almost any bone that holds cancellous tissue.

      In newborns, all such bones are filled completely with red marrow, but as the child ages it is mostly substituted by yellow, or fatty marrow.

      In adults, red marrow is mostly present in the marrow bones of the femur, the ribs, the vertebrae and pelvic bones.

      Bone marrow is a type of like a thick jelly, and its job is to make blood cells.

      At the center of bones is a spongier substance called marrow.

      There are 2 forms of bone marrow, yellow and red.

      Yellow bone marrow has mainly fat cells.

      Red marrow is essential because this is where the body generates red and white blood cells.

      When people are born, all of the bones have red marrow.

      By the time the people are adults about 50% of the bones have red marrow.

      Growth of Bones

      When a person was a baby, a person had tiny hands, tiny feet, and everything that are tiny.

      Gradually, as a person grew older, everything got a bit bigger, such as the bones.

      The baby's body has about 300 bones at birth.

      These ultimately grow together (fuse) to produce the 206 bones that adults have.

      Some of a baby's bones are made completely of a special material termed cartilage.

      Other bones in a baby are partially composed of cartilage.

      The cartilage is soft and flexible.

      During childhood, while a person is growing, the cartilage develops and is slowly replaced by bone, with help from calcium.

      By the time a person is about 25, this procedure will be whole.

      After this happens there can be no more growth as the bones are at their maximum size.

      All of these bones are composed of a skeleton that is both very strong and very light.

      Bones come in a range of shapes and have a complicated internal and external structure, are lightweight, are strong and hard and serve multiple functions.

      One of the types of tissue that composes bone is the mineralized osseous tissue, also known as bone tissue that provides it rigidity and a coral-like 3-dimensional internal structure.

      Mechanical properties

      The primary tissue of bone osseous tissue is a comparatively hard and lightweight composite material.

      It is mostly composed of a composite material integrating the mineral calcium phosphate in the chemical arrangement called calcium hydroxyl-apatite and collagen, an elastic protein which increases fracture resistance.

      This is the bone osseous tissue that provides bones their rigidity.

      It has relatively high compressive strength of about 170 MPa (1800 kgf/cm²) but poor tensile strength of 104–121 MPa and very low shear stress strength (51.6 MPa) meaning it fights against pushing forces well but not pulling or torsional forces.

      While bone is fundamentally brittle, it does have a considerable degree of elasticity, provided chiefly by collagen.

      All bones have living and dead cells embedded in the mineralized organic matrix that composes the osseous tissue

      Other types of tissue present in bones are marrow, endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage.

      Types of bones:

      There are five types of bones in the human

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