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    Sperm, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Sperm, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Sperm, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Ebook173 pages1 hour

    Sperm, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

    By Kenneth Kee

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    About this ebook

    This book describes Sperm, Functions, Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases

    My name is Speedy Gonzales, the sperm cell.
    They called me Speedy Gonazles because I am always charging in the semen like Speedy Gonzales.
    We sperms are the smallest cells in the human body.
    One of us is about 55 micrometers long similar in scale to the width of a human hair, which is between 40 to 100 microns.
    My body consists of a head 5 μm by 3 μm, a midpiece and a tail 50 μm long.
    My head contains the nucleus with DNA and densely coiled chromatin fibers surrounded anteriorly by an acrosome which contains enzymes used for penetrating the female egg.
    We sperms have a very strong head good for pushing through the mucus of the cervix and for entering the egg of a woman
    Once the ejaculation takes place, we the sperm entered the vagina of the woman, the seminal fluid protecting us from the acid content of the vagina.
    All of us had to push our way through the mucus of the cervix.
    We then swam through the uterus cavity toward the fallopian tube hoping to fertilize the egg.
    I was the first to penetrate the cell membrane of the ovum where our nuclei will combine to form a fertilized egg
    I was not called Speedy Gonzales for nothing.
    I live on as part of the embryo while other sperms die.

    The sperm cell means seed in Greek and the seed for fertilization of an egg is the male reproductive cell of the human body.
    There are 2 types of sperm cells:
    1. Spermatozoan is a uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile.
    2. Spermatid is a non-motile sperm cell.
    Sperm cells cannot split and have a restricted life span.
    After the sperm combines with egg cells during fertilization, a new embryo starts developing.
    The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes can combine with the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell.
    The sperm is produced in the testis and is ejaculated through the penis
    The normal human sperm cell comprises a head, a mid-piece and a tail.
    The head holds the nucleus with densely coiled chromatin fibers, enclosed anteriorly by an acrosome, which has enzymes used for penetrating the female egg.
    The mid-piece has a central filamentous center with many mitochondria spiraled around it, used for ATP production for the journey through the uterus.
    The tail or flagellum performs the lashing movements that propel the spermatocyte.
    During fertilization, the sperm gives 3 essential parts to the ovum:
    1.An activating factor which induces the metabolically dormant ovum to activate;
    2.The haploid paternal genome;
    3.The Centrosome which is accountable for maintaining the microtubule system.
    The spermatozoa are created through spermatogenesis inside the male testes.
    The early spermatozoon process needs 70-80 days to finish.
    The spermatid stage is where the sperm matures and generates the familiar tail.
    A fully mature spermatozoan is formed.
    Sperm cells are transported out of the male body in a fluid known as semen, that may hold spermatozoa.
    It is produced by the gonads and other sexual organs.
    In humans seminal fluid has several components other than spermatozoa:
    1.Proteolytic and other enzymes and fructose are constituents of seminal fluid which encourage the survival of spermatozoa and offer a medium through which they can move or swim.
    2.Semen is produced and begins from the seminal vesicle.
    Human sperm cells can stay alive within the female reproductive tract for more than 5 days post coitus.
    Semen is formed in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and urethral glands.
    Sperm quantity and quality are the main factors in semen quality which is a measure of the capability of semen to carry out fertilization.

    TABLE OF CONTENT
    Introduction
    Chapter 1 Sperm
    Chapter 2 Semen
    Chapter 3 Male Orgasm and Ejaculation
    Chapter 4 Fertility
    Chapter

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateNov 19, 2018
    ISBN9780463653609
    Sperm, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      Sperm, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee

      Sperm, Functions,

      Diseases,

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      To

      The Condition,

      Diagnosis,

      Treatment

      And

      Related Conditions

      By

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2018 Smashwords Edition

      Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      To my wife Dorothy

      And my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      And Kelvin

      This book describes Sperm, Functions, Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

      (What You Need to Treat Sperm, Functions, Diseases)

      This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      Introduction

      I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

      My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

      Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

      I then wrote an autobiolographical account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

      This autobiolographical account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

      From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

      Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

      For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

      The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

      The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

      Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

      As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

      Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

      I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

      I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

      I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

      Chapter 1

      The Sperm

      The sperm cell indicates seed in Greek and the seed for fertilization of an egg is the male reproductive cell of the human body.

      There are 2 types of sperm cells:

      1. Spermatozoan is a uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile (moves actively).

      2. Spermatid is a non-motile sperm cell (does not move).

      Sperm cells cannot split and have a restricted life span.

      After the sperm combines with egg cells during fertilization, a new embryo starts developing.

      The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes can combine with the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell.

      The sperm is produced in the testis and is ejaculated through the penis.

      As a result it is not possible to repair or synthesize new cellular components.

      What is a normal sperm cell?

      The normal human sperm cell comprises a head, a mid-piece and a tail.

      The head holds the nucleus with densely coiled chromatin fibers, enclosed anteriorly by an acrosome, which has enzymes used for penetrating the female egg.

      The mid-piece has a central filamentous center with many mitochondria spiraled around it, used for ATP production for the journey through the female cervix, uterus and uterine tubes.

      The tail or flagellum performs the lashing movements that propel the spermatocyte.

      During fertilization, the sperm gives 3 essential parts to the ovum:

      1. An activating factor which induces the metabolically dormant ovum to activate;

      2. The haploid paternal genome;

      3. The Centrosome which is accountable for maintaining the microtubule system.

      How does the Birth of a Sperm occur?

      The spermatozoa are created through spermatogenesis inside the male gonads (testicles) via meiotic division.

      The early spermatozoon process requires 70-80 days to finish.

      The spermatid stage is where the sperm matures and generates the familiar tail.

      A fully mature sperm requires around 70 days before it is called a spermatozoan.

      Sperm cells are transported out of the male body in a fluid known as semen.

      Semen is an organic fluid, also called seminal fluid that may hold spermatozoa.

      It is produced by the gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of males.

      In humans seminal fluid has several components other than spermatozoa:

      1. Proteolytic and other enzymes and fructose are constituents of seminal fluid which encourage the survival of spermatozoa and offer a medium through which they can move or swim.

      2. Semen is produced and begins from the seminal vesicle, which is sited in the pelvis.

      Human sperm cells can stay alive within the female reproductive tract for more than 5 days post coitus.

      Semen is formed in the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and urethral glands.

      Sperm quantity and quality are the main factors in semen quality which is a measure of the capability of semen to carry out fertilization.

      It is a determination of fertility in a man.

      The genetic quality of sperm and its volume and motility all normally reduce with age.

      Non-motile sperm cells

      Non-motile sperm cells called spermatia do not have flagella and therefore cannot swim.

      The process that causes the discharge of semen is called ejaculation.

      During internal fertilization, however, fertilization takes places inside the female's sexual organs.

      Fertilization occurs after insemination of a female by a male through sexual intercourse.

      In humans copulation happens through the vagina.

      During the process of ejaculation, sperm moves through the ejaculatory ducts and combines with fluids from the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral glands to form the semen.

      The seminal vesicles secrete a yellowish viscous fluid rich in fructose and other substances that forms about 70% of human semen.

      The prostatic secretion, controlled by dihydrotestosterone, is a whitish thin fluid having proteolytic enzymes, citric acid, acid phosphatase and lipids.

      The bulbourethral glands produce a clear secretion into the lumen of the urethra to lubricate it.

      Sertoli cells which nourish and support developing spermatocytes release a fluid into seminiferous tubules that helps move sperm to the genital ducts.

      The ductuli efferentes have cuboidal cells with microvilli and lysosomal granules that change the semen by reabsorbing some fluid.

      Once the semen goes into the ductus epididymis, the principal cells, which have pinocytotic vessels indicating fluid reabsorption, release glycerophosphocholine which most likely prevents premature capacitation

      The accessory genital ducts, the seminal vesicle, prostate glands, and the bulbourethral glands, all help in production of most of the seminal fluid.

      Seminal plasma of humans has a complicated range of organic and inorganic constituents.

      The seminal plasma offers a nutritive and protective medium for the spermatozoa during their journey through the female reproductive tract.

      The normal environment of the vagina is an antagonistic one for sperm cells, as it is very acidic (from the native microflora producing lactic acid), viscous, and controlled by immune cells.

      The components in the seminal plasma try to compensate for this antagonistic environment.

      Basic amines such as putrescine, spermine, spermidine and cadaverine are accountable for the smell and flavor of semen.

      These alkaline bases counter and buffer the acidic environment of the vaginal canal, and defend the DNA inside the sperm from acidic denaturation.

      The components of semen are:

      1. Testes - 2–5%

      About 200- to 500-million spermatozoa (also called sperm or spermatozoon), formed in the testes, are released per ejaculation.

      If a man has gone through a vasectomy (splitting of spermatic canals), he will have no sperm in the ejaculation

      2. Seminal Vesicle - 65-75%

      The seminal vesicle contains:

      a. amino acids,

      b. citrate,

      c. enzymes,

      d. flavins,

      e. fructose (2–5mg per mL semen, the main energy source of sperm cells, which depends entirely on sugars from the seminal

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