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    Hypophosphatemia, (Low Phosphate) A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Hypophosphatemia, (Low Phosphate) A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Hypophosphatemia, (Low Phosphate) A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Ebook144 pages1 hour

    Hypophosphatemia, (Low Phosphate) A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

    By Kenneth Kee

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    About this ebook

    This book describes the Hypophosphatemia, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Diseases

    Hypophosphatemia is a medical disorder with a phosphate level of lower than 2.5 mg/dL (0.8 mmol/L).

    The Phosphate is required for a wide range of cellular processes in the body.

    One of the major parts forming the skeleton is phosphate that gives mineral strength to bone.

    Phosphate is an essential part of the nucleic acids that make up DNA and RNA.

    Phosphate attached to ATP transport the energy that is needed for all cellular functions.

    Phosphate also provides a buffer in bone, serum, and urine.

    The main mechanisms for the control of their activity are the addition and deletion of phosphate groups to enzymes and proteins.

    The phosphate homeostasis is a highly controlled process that is required due to the wide breadth of influence of this mineral.

    Causes

    1. Too little vitamin D - Since phosphate is so widely available in food, dietary low phosphate is normally seen only in cases of near-total starvation.

    2. Alcoholism – Alcohol can leach phosphate from the bone and result in low phosphate

    3. Starvation - Low phosphate occur in starving or anorexic patients on re-feeding regimens that are high in calories but too low in phosphate

    4. Overactive parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism) – causes the production of high calcium and conversely low phosphate

    5. Diabetics who are recovering from an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis will have low phosphates

    6. Patients with respiratory alkalosis will have low phosphates

    Symptoms

    a. Loss of appetite,
    b. Anxiety,
    c. Bone pain,
    d. Fragile bones,
    e. Stiff joints,
    f. Fatigue,
    g. Irregular breathing,
    h. Irritability,
    i. Numbness,
    j. Muscle weakness,
    k. Weight change.
    l. Confusion

    Blood studies of phosphate, calcium and magnesium can detect low phosphate.

    A bone biopsy can confirm histologically and chemically the presence of low phosphate in the body.

    Treatment:

    Low phosphate is seldom seen in patients because it is so readily present in the food supply.

    Higher levels of phosphate are normally a result of kidney disorder or by the consumption of too much nutritional phosphate and not adequate dietary calcium.

    The use of Phosphates is able to treat:

    1. Hypophosphatemia, low levels of phosphate in the body

    2. Hypercalcaemia, high blood calcium levels

    3. Calcium based kidney stones

    Elemental phosphorus should be taken only under the guidance of a qualified doctor.

    These inorganic phosphates that are not toxic at typical doses are used instead:

    1. Dibasic potassium phosphate
    2. Monobasic potassium phosphate
    3. Dibasic sodium phosphate
    4. Monobasic sodium phosphate
    5. Triphasic sodium phosphate
    6. Phosphatidyl choline
    7. Phosphatidyl serine

    Doctors advise a balance of calcium and phosphate in the diet.

    The treatment of hypophosphatemia that happens in hereditary disorders of phosphate wasting is with sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate salts whose use needs medical supervision.

    TABLE OF CONTENT
    Introduction

    Chapter 1 Hypophosphatemia

    Chapter 2 Causes

    Chapter 3 Symptoms

    Chapter 4 Diagnosis

    Chapter 5 Treatment

    Chapter 6 Prognosis

    Chapter 7 Rickets

    Chapter 8 Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis
    Epilogue

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherKenneth Kee
    Release dateJun 8, 2018
    ISBN9780463025611
    Hypophosphatemia, (Low Phosphate) A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions
    Author

    Kenneth Kee

    Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

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      Book preview

      Hypophosphatemia, (Low Phosphate) A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions - Kenneth Kee

      Hypophosphatemia,

      A

      Simple

      Guide

      To

      The Condition,

      Diagnosis,

      Treatment

      And

      Related Conditions

      By

      Dr Kenneth Kee

      M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

      Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

      Copyright Kenneth Kee 2015 Smashwords Edition

      Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

      Dedication

      This book is dedicated

      To my wife Dorothy

      And my children

      Carolyn, Grace

      And Kelvin

      This book describes the Hypophosphatemia, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Diseases which are seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

      This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

      If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

      Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

      TABLE OF CONTENT

      Introduction

      Chapter 1 Hypophosphatemia

      Chapter 2 Causes

      Chapter 3 Symptoms

      Chapter 4 Diagnosis

      Chapter 5 Treatment

      Chapter 6 Prognosis

      Chapter 7 Rickets

      Chapter 8 Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis

      Epilogue

      Introduction

      I have been writing medical articles for my blog http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Condition) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

      My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

      Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

      I then wrote an autobiolographical account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

      This autobiolographical account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Conditions into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://ken-med.com.

      From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 600 eBooks.

      Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

      For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

      The later books go into more details of medical conditions.

      The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

      Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

      As I tried to bring you the latest information about a condition or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

      Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

      I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

      I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

      I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

      Chapter 1

      Hypophosphatemia

      What is Hypophosphatemia?

      Hypophosphatemia is a medical disorder with a phosphate level of lower than 2.5 mg/dL (0.8 mmol/L).

      The Phosphate is required for a wide range of cellular processes in the body.

      One of the major parts forming the skeleton is phosphate that gives mineral strength to bone.

      Phosphate is an essential part of the nucleic acids that make up DNA and RNA.

      Phosphate attached to ATP transport the energy that is needed for all cellular functions.

      Phosphate also provides a buffer in bone, serum, and urine.

      The main mechanisms for the control of their activity are the addition and deletion of phosphate groups to enzymes and proteins.

      The phosphate homeostasis is a highly controlled process that is required due to the wide breadth of influence of this mineral.

      What are the causes of Hypophosphatemia?

      1. Too little vitamin D - Since phosphate is so widely available in food, dietary low phosphate is normally seen only in cases of near-total starvation.

      2. Alcoholism – Alcohol can leach phosphate from the bone and result in low phosphate

      3. Starvation - Low phosphate occur in starving or anorexic patients on re-feeding regimens that are high in calories but too low in phosphate

      4. Overactive parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism) – causes the production of high calcium and conversely low phosphate

      5. Diabetics who are recovering from an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis will have low phosphates

      6. Patients with respiratory alkalosis will have low phosphates

      7. Antacids - Phosphate levels also drop from the effects of medicines such as antacids and diuretics.

      8. Certain medicines, such as foscarnet, acetazolamide, pentamidine, imatinib, and sorafenib can also lower phosphate levels

      9. Fanconi syndrome: proximal kidney tubule disorders can cause a low phosphate level

      10. Hypophosphatemia produced by inherited disorders of phosphate homeostasis (phosphate wasting disorders) is linked to high urinary excretion or poor renal reabsorption of phosphates in affected people.

      Insufficient phosphate intake seldom results in abnormally low serum phosphate levels (hypophosphatemia) because renal reabsorption of phosphate increases to compensate for decreased intake.

      Severe hypophosphatemia can be dangerous to life in rare occasions.

      Medical disorders such as celiac disease and Crohn's disease make it hard for people to absorb nutrients and phosphate.

      What are the symptoms of Hypophosphatemia?

      Symptoms of Hypophosphatemia are:

      a. Loss of appetite,

      b. Anxiety,

      c. Bone pain,

      d. Fragile bones,

      e. Stiff joints,

      f. Fatigue,

      g. Irregular breathing,

      h. Irritability,

      i. Numbness,

      j. Muscle weakness,

      k. Weight change.

      l. Confusion

      Growth reduction and poor bone and tooth production may occur in children.

      Physical Examination

      Physical findings specific for hypophosphatemia are not present.

      Short stature

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