Blue: Cobalt to Cerulean in Art and Culture
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Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, is one of the most comprehensive art museums in the world.
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Blue - Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
EGYPTIAN Eye of Horus (Wedjat) Ring, 1539–1295/1292 BC
FRENCH Platter from the Louis XV Service, 1754–55
EGYPTIAN Broad Collar, 2551–2528 BC
JOOS VAN CLEVE The Crucifixion, ca. 1525
CHARLES SHEELER Three White Tulips, 1912
EGYPTIAN Ibex Finial, 1550–1295 BC
EGYPTIAN Model Throw Stick, 1400–1390 BC
SOUTH SEA ISLANDS Bark Cloth, 19th century
ROMAN Ribbed Bowl, late 1st century BC–AD 1st century
DUTCH Pair of Tulip Vases as Triumphal Arches, ca. 1690
DUTCH "Kraak" Plate, late 17th century
LÉON NIKOLAIEVITCH BAKST The High Priest (Costume Design for Dieu Bleu
), 1911
UTAGAWA HIROSHIGE Bird and Loquat, ca. 1830–44
Text copyright © 2015 by the individual writers.
Compilation and photography copyright © 2015 by The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher.
ISBN: 978–1–4521–3934–0 (mobi, epub)
ISBN: 978–1–4521–4924–0 (epub3)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available.
ISBN: 978–1–4521–2940–2 (hc)
Design and typesetting by Annabelle Gould
Typeset with Arnhem, Egyptian, Brandon Grotesque, and Stag Stencil
Chronicle Books LLC
680 Second Street
San Francisco, CA 94107
www.chroniclebooks.com
16
Introduction: Blue Notes
by Adam Tessier
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The Significance of Blue in Ancient Egyptian Art
by Denise Doxey
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by Pamela Hatchfield
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by Pamela Parmal
72
The Brilliant Kingfisher
by Yvonne Markowitz
86
Porcelaneous Blue: The Blue-and-White Tradition in Chinese Porcelain
by Nancy Berliner
100
The Rise of Blue in Europe
by Rhona MacBeth
114
A Blue Plate Special: Five Centuries of Blue in European Ceramics, 1500 to Today
by Thomas Michie
130
The Blues of the Japanese Landscape: Hokusai’s Prints of Mount Fuji
by Sarah Thompson
144
Cyanotype Photography
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The Blues
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Captions
Introduction: Blue Notes
Adam Tessier
Head of Interpretation
EVERYONE LOVES BLUE. Four in ten people would tell you it’s their favorite color. To be fair, though, four in ten people will also say the cashew is their favorite nut. That same percentage of adults still reads actual newspapers, and an equal number believes ghosts are real. So for a moment, let’s set aside the fact that you and I and about 40 percent of everyone we know prefer blue over any other color. Instead let’s wonder: What does that preference reveal about us? What does blue say about us? In the pages that follow, images from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and essays by ten of the museum’s curators and conservators explore that question, providing a rich (and colorful) context for humankind’s fascination with blue across thousands of years of art making and cultural history.
Make a list of everything blue, a stream of blue consciousness. Mine would begin: Picasso’s Blue Period. Joni Mitchell’s album Blue, with its cyan sleeve. Miles Davis, Kind of Blue. My favorite blue oxford-cloth shirt. The perfect blue jeans. Elvis and his blue suede shoes. The deep blue of the bull-leaping fresco at Knossos, or better, the brilliant blue backdrop of Babylon’s Ishtar Gate. The blue glass in the windows at Chartres. The Hope Diamond. Tiffany’s little blue box. Sapphires. Smurfs. Thomas Gainsborough’s Blue Boy. Cornflowers. Blue jays. Blue books for exams, and blue pens. French chore smocks, called bleu de travail, work blue.
My mother’s Blue Willow plates, the pattern rubbed off at the edges. And above all, the sky, and then also the sea.
Or to the ancient Egyptians, the sky and the Nile, and by extension the gods who ruled those realms. As blues go, the Egyptians famously invented two: Egyptian faience, a glassy blue ceramic, and so-called Egyptian blue, the first synthetic pigment ever made. But their most precious blue came from the faraway mines of Afghanistan, in the form of the rock lapis lazuli. Ground to powder, lapis becomes ultramarine, at one point the costliest pigment in existence—a luxury rarer even than gold. Renaissance painters reserved it for only the most special applications, like the painted robes of the Virgin, a blue proper for the queen of heaven. A true blue. Which brings us to the medieval fabric that gave rise to that phrase: the blue cloth dyed at Coventry, England, and whose color did not fade.
For a while, everyone wanted that blue Coventry wool. Green may be the color of envy, but blue is the color we covet. We’ve hunted it down, prized it, copied, borrowed, and sometimes been left to create it ourselves out of thin air. One region’s blue often began somewhere else. The origins of China’s beloved blue-and-white porcelain were in West Asia. From China, blue and white made its way to Japan, and throughout Asia, and then on to Europe, where it found a feverish market of admirers, as well as copyists laboring to decode its mysteries. Along the way came the blues of Vincennes, Sèvres, Delft, Wedgwood’s blue jasperware, and the ubiquitous transfer-printed Blue Willow pattern.
As far as I can tell, blue has never meant just one thing. In the seventeenth century, Dutch painters placed blue-and-white Chinese porcelain in their still lifes as symbols of luxury, while in ancient Rome, blue was a color of the working class—the original blue collar. For fancier blues, the Romans used dye from the indigo plant, which today gives my everyday blue jeans their shade. Hokusai used indigo, too, in parts of his print The Great Wave. But when it came to depicting the wave itself, he favored the exciting new Prussian blue, brought to Japan by Dutch traders. In turn, the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh chose the same blue for his pulsating skies. These connections continue. As I