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    Learn C++
    Learn C++
    Learn C++
    Ebook151 pages1 hour

    Learn C++

    By Durgesh

    4.5/5

    ()

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    About this ebook

    C++ (C plus plus) is a general purpose programming language based on the C programming language. In addition to facilities provided by C, C++ provides classes, inline functions, operator overloading, constant type references, free store management operators, etc.
    The new language was known as "C with classes" initially. However in 1983, the name was changed to C++. C++ blends the high efficiency and stylistic elements of C with the object-oriented paradigm. It is a machine-independent language and is considered an industry standard language. C++ has been in use for large software projects. Stability and compatibility have been important considerations in the development of the language.
    The development of C++ was not an attempt to create a completely new programming language. Instead it was an enhancement to an already highly successful one. C++ was standardized on 1977 and the ANSI / ISO (American National Standards Institute / International Standards Organization) standard for C++ is now available.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherDurgesh
    Release dateSep 18, 2017
    ISBN9781370946334
    Learn C++
    Author

    Durgesh

    Major part of my career has been in the field of Education and Administration. I have a good command over my subject (computer science) and effective communication in English. I have written books in my subject and have represented Science Olympiad Foundation. I have been very adaptable to any kind of new environment and technologies. I have written a few computer science books for my students based on their syllabus.With lots of health issues cropping up with time, I recreated myself with the help of Yoga and Meditation. Which gave me a direction towards a happy mind and body.Thus, decided to share my experience in penning down the Good Health Technique with all.I am ever grateful to Guruji, Sri Sri Ravi Shankarji and to Swami Satyananda Saraswatiji for guidance towards ultimate physical and mental good health.Lately I have picked up a new hobby - the art of crocheting. While making some crochet related products, I have written a few amigurumi patterns. Sharing my new skill through this platform.

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      Book preview

      Learn C++ - Durgesh

      Learn C++

      For My Computer Sc. Students

      By Durgesh

      Contents

      1. C Character Set

      2. Data Types

      4. C++ Tokens

      5. Operators

      6. Use of I/O Operators

      7. Structure of C++ Program

      8. Operators & Expressions

      9. Precedence of Operators

      10. Expressions

      11. Program Control Statements

      12. Selective Structure: switch

      13. Iterative Statement: for Loop

      14. Iterative Statement: while Loop

      15. Iterative Statement: do-while Loop

      16. Bifurcation of Control

      17. I/O Functions

      18. Single Character Functions

      19. Structured Data Type: Arrays

      20. Types of Arrays

      21. Strings

      22. Functions

      23. Scope Rules

      24. Header Files

      25. Character and String Functions

      26. Math & Conversion Functions

      27. Structures

      28. Structures and Arrays

      29. Classes and Objects

      30. Constructors

      31. Destructors

      32. Function Overloading

      33. Inheritance

      34. Pointers

      35. Memory Management

      36. Input/Output of Files

      Introduction

      C++ (C plus plus) is a general purpose programming language based on the C programming language. In addition to facilities provided by C, C++ provides classes, inline functions, operator overloading, constant type references, free store management operators, etc.

      By adding object-oriented features attributes and benefits, C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1980. The new language was known as C with classes initially. However in 1983, the name was changed to C++.

      The development of C++ was not an attempt to create a completely new programming language. Instead it was an enhancement to an already highly successful one. C++ was standardized on 1977 and the ANSI / ISO (American National Standards Institute / International Standards Organization) standard for C++ is now available.

      C++ blends the high efficiency and stylistic elements of C with the object-oriented paradigm. It is a machine-independent language and is considered an industry standard language. C++ has been in use for large software projects. Stability and compatibility have been important considerations in the development of the language.

      C++ Character Set

      Character sets affect the fundamental part of the program code, the storage and transmission of data and the logic with which you manipulate text.

      Source Code Character Set

      A C++ compiler uses any character set that includes at least the following characters:

      The 52 upper case and lower case alphabetic characters ( A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ), the 10 decimal digits ( 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ), the blank or space character and 29 designated graphic characters ( ! # % ^ - _ + = ~ [ ] \ | ; : ' " { } . , < > / ? ).

      Five formatting characters (backspace horizontal tab, vertical tab, form feed, and carriage return) are often used in C++ (formatting characters are treated as spaces). The dollar sign ($) and the at sign (@) are also commonly used.

      Execution Character Set

      The execution character set for C++ is required to have the standard characters of the source code character set, plus a null character and a new line character. This null character must have the value 0 and is used to mark the end of strings.

      White Space

      White space in C++ includes the blank (space character), horizontal tab, end-of-line, vertical tab, form feed, and comments. White space is ignored by the compiler and therefore can be freely used by the programmer.

      Line Termination

      Each line in a C++ source program is terminated with an end-of-line character or character sequence. Certain formatting (such as carriage return, form feed or vertical tab) can also terminate lines.

      Data Types

      Data type is defined as the set of possible values a variable can hold. Data types in C++ can be divided into three categories:

      1. Built-in Data Type

      2. User Defined Data Type

      3. Derived Data Type

      Built-in Data Types

      The C++ compiler supports all the built-in data types. These data types are also known as standard data types and are not composed of other data types.

      Data type modifiers

      A modifier is used to change the meaning of the basic data type according to the requirement of the program. The modifiers signed, unsigned, long, and short may be applied to basic data types (integer, character). Long float is not used because it is equivalent to double. Modifiers cannot be used with void type.

      Data Types and sizes

      Type Number of Bits

      char 8

      short 16

      int 32

      long 32

      float 32

      double 64

      void none

      Integers

      Integer data types (int) are whole numbers in use in C++. The size of integers is 2 bytes. Three types of integers are used in C++.

      1. Signed / unsigned integers

      2. Short integers

      3. Long Integers

      Signed Integer

      A signed integer (signed int) is a positive or negative integer. The range of signed integers is from -32768 to +32767.

      Unsigned integer

      Unsigned integers do not have negative values. These integers accept only zero and positive values. The size of unsigned integers is 2 bytes. They can range from 0 to 655357.

      Short integers

      Short integers have a small range of values. The range of short integers is from -128 to 127. The size is 1 byte.

      Long integers

      The range of long integers is from -2^32 to 2^32. The size is 4 bytes.

      Examples of valid integers: 439, 11, 20495, -126

      Examples of invalid integers: 961.21 (float), 4,325 (comma is not allowed), 81 562 (blank space within a number is not allowed).

      Floating point (float)

      Floating point variables are used to store real numbers (numbers involving decimals). The range of floating point type is from 3.4 x 10^-38 to 3.4 x 10^38 and the size is 4 bytes. Type float provides approx. 7 digits of precision. Three types of floats are used in C++: Float, Double, Long Double. A floating point number can be represented in two forms: decimal form and exponent form.

      Examples of Decimal form: 250.46, -1738.72, 8.39

      Examples of Invalid Float: 16,433.67 (comma used), -84 (no decimal point)

      Examples of Exponent Form: 52940000 -- 5.294 x 10^6

      0.8731 -- 8.731 x 10^-1

      0.4269 -- 4.269 x 10-8

      Examples of Valid Forms

      4.321 x 10^6 = 4.321E6

      = 4.321E+6

      = 4.321E06

      4.321 x 10^-6 = 4.321E-6

      The part to the left of

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