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    X-Y Calculation In Chemistry
    X-Y Calculation In Chemistry
    X-Y Calculation In Chemistry
    Ebook140 pages56 minutes

    X-Y Calculation In Chemistry

    By Samuel Orugbo

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    About this ebook

    X-Y Calculation in Chemistry is borne out of the necessity to introduce young intellects into been solution provider rather problem creators.

    By using the Problem solving mode (PSM) technique employed in this book, young lads are brain prepared to learn different topics in chemistry by simply going through the solved problems and attempting the subsequent evaluations that follows.

    With the mode employed in this book, science oriented kids are able to note the discrepancy that exist between theoretically predicted values and practical obtained data from the lab.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherSamuel Orugbo
    Release dateAug 31, 2017
    ISBN9781370935598
    X-Y Calculation In Chemistry

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      Book preview

      X-Y Calculation In Chemistry - Samuel Orugbo

      X-Y Calculation In Chemistry

      By

      Orugbo Samuel

      All rights reserved.

      No part(s) of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means ( electronically, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of both the copy right owner and sole distributor of this book.

      Copyright (c) 2017

      Orugbo Samuel

      ISBN: 9781370935598

      Smashwords Edition

      Published by:

      Alphikka Technologies

      #1 Olodu Close, Off Olu-Obasanjo Road

      Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

      Tel: 08160288961, 07015981761

      Email: info@alphikkatechnologies.com

      Dedication

      This piece of work is fully dedicated to my Heavenly Jehovah himself and to all my well-wishers, who one way or the other contributed to this book.

      Preface

      X-Y Calculation in Chemistry is borne out of the necessity to introduce young intellects into been solution provider rather problem creators.

      By using the Problem solving mode (PSM) technique employed in this book, young lads are brain prepared to learn different topics in chemistry by simply going through the solved problems and attempting the subsequent evaluations that follows.

      With the mode employed in this book, science oriented kids are able to note the discrepancy that exist between theoretically predicted values and practical obtained data from the lab.

      Acknowledgements

      My profound gratitude goes to God almighty for his Guardian and wisdom

      My sincere gratitude also goes to A.B Ababio a renowned chemist who contributed immensely to this work.

      My gratitude also goes to the author of Outline chemistry.

      Table of Contents

      DEDICATION

      PREFACE

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      CHAPTER ONE

      Mole as a Measuring Unit in Chemistry

      CHAPTER TWO

      Application Of The Mole Concept

      Mass – Mass Calculation

      Mass – Volume Calculation

      Volume-Volume Calculation

      Percentage Composition Evaluation

      Water Of Crystallization

      CHAPTER THREE

      Volumetric Analysis Calculation

      MOLARITY

      Percentage Purity Calculation

      PH Caculation

      CHAPTER FOUR

      Gravimetric Analysis Caculation

      Emperical and Molecular Formula Evaluation

      Isotopic Calculation

      Miscellaneous Problems

      Molar Mass Calculation

      CHAPTER FIVE

      Electrolysis

      Calculation On Faraday’s First Law Of Electrolysis

      Calculation Involving Second Law of Electrolysis

      Balancing Redox Equations

      Oxidation Number

      CHAPTER SIX

      Boyle’s Law Calculation

      Charles Law Calculation

      General Gas Equation

      Ideal Gas Law Calculation

      Graham Law of Diffusion Calculation

      Partial Pressures Calculation

      Gay -Lussacs Law Calculation

      Avogadro’s Hypothesis Calculation

      Miscellaneous Solutions

      CHAPTER SEVEN

      Solubility

      Graphical Calculation On Solubility

      Solubility Product (ksp)

      CHAPTER EIGHT

      Energy Calculation

      Enthalpy Calculation

      Entropy and The Free Energy Calculation

      Relationship Between ΔS AND ΔG

      Equilibrium Constant, Free Energy and Electrode Potential

      Mass Defect Calculation

      Half-Life Calculation

      CHAPTER ONE

      1.1 Mole as a Measuring Unit in Chemistry

      Every discipline has it synthesis. So also chemistry has it mode of operation.

      The mole is the basic unit of measurement in chemistry. Substances are determined volumetrically or gravimetrically using the mole concept. It is mathematically related with the molar mass as;

      Mole = Mass/Molar Mass

      Or, Amount in Mole = Reacting Mass/Molar Mass…you can add that to your formula bag.

      EXAMPLE 1.1

      How many moles are there in 0.5g of oxygen gas? Given that the molar mass of oxygen is 32g/mol.

      SOLUTION

      Amount in Mole = Reacting Mass/Molar Mass

      R.M = Reacting Mass = 0.5g

      M.M = Molar Mass = 32g/mol

      Mole = 0.5g/32gmol-1 = 0.5g/32g = 0.0156 moles

      EXAMPLE 1.2

      What mass of hydrogen chloride is present in 0.841 moles of the gas? {HCl = 36.5}

      SOLUTION

      Amount in mole = 0.84

      M.M of HCl = 36.5

      R.M of HCl =?

      Amount in Mole of HCl = R. M of HCl/M.M of HCl

      R.M of HCl = 0.84mol * 36.5gmol-1 = 30.66g ans.

      EVALUATION

      How many moles of calcium trioxocarbonate (IV) (CaCO3) is present in 8.4g of the compound? CaCO3 = 100

      Ans = 0.084 mole.

      Hope you got it? If not try again

      For the purpose of this book, R.M and M.M shall stand for reacting mass and molar masses respectively. Be warned; don’t use them in any other standard examinations, without defining them.

      CHAPTER TWO

      Application of the Mole Concept

      2.1 Mass – Mass Calculation

      In most chemistry problems we are often given the mass of one substance and we are asked to find the mass of another. This mode of calculation is known as mass – mass calculation.

      We are expected to have a sound knowledge of how to balance chemical equations in other to be effective in this course.

      EXAMPLE 2.1

      What mass of carbon (IV) oxide (CO2) would be formed, when 8.7g of HCl react with CaCO3? [C = 12, Ca = 40, O = 16, H = 1, Cl = 35.5]

      SOLUTION

      First we write the chemical equation to show the reaction and it must be balanced.

      2HCl (l) + CaCO3 (s) => CaCl2(s) + CO2(g) + H20 (l)

      Since we are given the mass of HCl and asked to calculate that of

      CO2, we shall only then consider the two molecules i.e. HCl and

      CO2 involved. Their mole

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