Progressive Collapse Analysis of Structures: Numerical Codes and Applications

Progressive Collapse Analysis of Structures

Numerical Codes and Applications

Daigoro Isobe

University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

About the Author

Preface

Acknowledgements

Recommendation Letter

Chapter One. Introduction

1.1. Aims and Scope

1.2. Definition and Recognition of Progressive Collapse

1.3. Numerical Methods to Simulate Progressive Collapse Behaviors

Chapter Two. Adaptively Shifted Integration Technique

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Linear Timoshenko Beam Element

2.3. Adaptively Shifted Integration Technique

2.4. Time-Integration Scheme for Incremental Equation of Motion Based on the Updated Lagrangian Formulation

2.5. Incremental Equation of Motion for Structures Under Seismic Excitation

2.6. Summary

Chapter Three. ASI-Gauss Technique

3.1. Introduction

3.2. ASI-Gauss Technique

3.3. Verification and Validation of the ASI-Gauss Code

3.4. Summary

Chapter Four. Member-Fracture, Contact, and Contact-Release Algorithms

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Member-Fracture Algorithm

4.3. Elemental-Contact Algorithm

4.4. Contact-Release Algorithm

4.5. Evaluation of the Algorithms

4.6. Validation of the Algorithms

4.7. Summary

Chapter Five. Aircraft-Impact Analysis of the World Trade Center Tower

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Numerical Model and Conditions

5.3. Numerical Results

5.4. Summary

Chapter Six. Fire-induced Progressive Collapse Analysis of High-rise Buildings

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Numerical Model and Conditions

6.3. Numerical Results

6.4. Summary

Chapter Seven. Risk Estimation for Progressive Collapse of Buildings

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Key Element Index

7.3. Numerical Models and Conditions

7.4. Progressive Collapse Behaviors of a Steel-Framed Building

7.5. Risk Estimation for Progressive Collapse Using Key Element Index

7.6. Summary

Chapter Eight. Blast Demolition Analysis of Buildings

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Validation of the Methods by Experiments

8.3. Blast Demolition Planning Tool Using the Key Element Index

8.4. Other Numerical Examples of Blast Demolition Analysis

8.5. Summary

Chapter Nine. Seismic Pounding Analysis of Adjacent Buildings

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Seismic Pounding Analysis of Adjacent Framed Structures With Different Heights

9.3. Seismic Pounding Analysis of the Nuevo Leon Buildings

9.4. Summary

Chapter Ten. Seismic Collapse Analysis of the CTV Building

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Constitutive Equation of the Reinforced-Concrete Members

10.3. Numerical Model

10.4. Pushover Analysis of the CTV Building

10.5. Collapse Analysis of the CTV Building Under the 2011 Lyttelton Aftershock

10.6. Summary

Chapter Eleven. Debris-Impact Analysis of Steel-Framed Building in Tsunami

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Numerical Model and Conditions

11.3. Numerical Results

11.4. Summary

Chapter Twelve. Conclusions

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Summary of the Numerical Codes

12.3. Summary of the Applications

12.4. Future Works

Appendix A. Source Program of the ASI-Gauss Code

Appendix B. ASI Technique Utilizing Bernoulli–Euler Beam Elements

Appendix C. Ceiling Collapse Analysis of a Gymnasium

Appendix D. Motion-Behavior Analysis of Furniture During Earthquakes

Index

Copyright

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About the Author

Daigoro Isobe received the degree of Engineering from the University of Tokyo, Japan, in 1994, and is currently a professor at the University of Tsukuba, Japan. He served as a secretary in Computational Mechanics Division of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) in 2004. He has been a director of the Japan Society for Computational Engineering and Science (JSCES) since 2012, and has contributed to the success of the International Conference on Computational Engineering and Science for Safety and Environmental Problems (COMPSAFE 2014) as a secretary general. He chaired the 3rd International Workshops on Advances in Computational Mechanics (IWACOM-III) in 2015. He currently serves as a director of international exchange activities in JSCES and is also a general council member of the International Association for Computational Mechanics (IACM) since 2013. He received the Kawai Medal from JSCES in 2015.

He is the developer of the ASI-Gauss code and has conducted various structural collapse analyses for over 20  years. For example, the code had been applied to aircraft impact and progressive collapse analysis of the World Trade Center towers in 9/11 incidents, and had succeeded to show the main cause of the high-speed, total collapse phenomena of the towers. These outcomes were scooped up by the media and had influenced the structural design concept of high-rise buildings thereafter. Other investigations include the CTV building collapse in 2011 New Zealand Earthquake and the collapse of the Nuevo Leon buildings in 1985 Mexican Earthquake. The latter was also broadcasted in the NHK TV program. He is now developing an effective planning tool for structural demolition using controlled explosives, and is also working in the field of robotics, applying finite element approaches to dynamic control systems of robots. He has published over 60 refereed papers and six books in these fields. He received the Ichimura Award upon these achievements in structural collapse analysis field, in 2014, in the presence of Princess Akiko of Japan.

Preface

As a structural engineer, collapse of structures must be the last thing he or she wants to witness. The total collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers of New York, USA, which happened in 2001, was literally the most shocking incident that occurred in the history of structural engineering. How and why was it possible? Why was the duration of collapse so fast? Many structural engineers in the world must have had the same feeling. Structures originally built to keep people safe and sound, should keep that way. They must NOT collapse and take people's lives in any way. As I recall, the motivation of writing this book must have been brought up from that moment.

Collapse of structures, however, is a very complex phenomenon with strong nonlinearity and various mechanical interactions. It should be thoroughly investigated through experiments and numerical simulations first, to avoid the phenomenon from happening. This book, from that point of view, is aimed to introduce basic theories of a numerical code, which enables one to simulate progressive collapse behaviors of structures. Moreover, some applications of the numerical code, which are arranged in the order of disastrous events, are shown to help the readers understand the validity and utility of the code. The source program of the numerical code is also shown in the appendix, to help students and beginners to understand the basic structure of finite element simulations. This book can also be used as a textbook in structural analysis, structural mechanics, computational mechanics classes, and so on, which consists of 15 units.

I would like to dedicate this book to all the structural engineers who are struggling every day to build beautiful structures for mankind. I hope this book will help a little for those engineers who are willing to prevent another disastrous event from happening.

Daigoro Isobe,     Tsukuba

March, 2017

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Prof. Yutaka Toi of University of Tokyo, who had inspired and taught the author the essence of the techniques described in this book, when the author was a graduate student. The author would also like to thank the late Prof. Hirohisa Noguchi of Keio University and Prof. Kazuo Kashiyama of Chuo University, who had brought him into core activities of academic societies, where he renoticed the importance of the field he was working in. Many thanks to Prof. Muneo Hori, Prof. Makoto Ohsaki, Prof. Tomoshi Miyamura, Prof. Hiroyuki Tagawa, Prof. Shojiro Motoyui, Prof. Toru Takahashi, Dr. Mika Kaneko, Dr. Tomohiro Sasaki, Dr. Koichi Kajiwara, and Dr. Takuzo Yamashita who have supported me in the E-Simulator project. The author would also like to acknowledge the contributions of numerous students of his lab, of which the number is now counted over 70. Especially, Mr. Masaomi Morishita, Mr. Junichi Tamura, Mr. Satoshi Saito, Mr. Michihiro Tsuda, Mr. Kyaw Myo Lynn, Mr. Kazunori Shimizu, Mr. Kensuke Imanishi, Mr. Masashi Eguchi, Mr. Sion Sasaki, Mr. Tomonobu Omuro, Mr. Naoki Katahira, Mr. Hitoshi Yokota, Ms. Nozomi Kunihara, Mr. Tetsuya Hisanaga, Mr. Takuya Katsu, Ms. Le Thi Thai Thanh, Mr. Yuta Arakaki, Ms. Eri Onda, Mr. Won Sang Han, Mr. Tomoya Ogino, Mr. Ryosuke Negishi, Mr. Zhong Hui He, Mr. Naoki Yokemura, Mr. Yuan Qi Dong, Mr. Kyohei Kuroda, Mr. Takuya Yamamoto, Mr. Jiajie Gu, Mr. Yoshiki Kusaka, Mr. Kenta Takatera, Mr. Hiroaki Ogino, Mr. Masato Katagiri, Mr. Kohei Oi, Mr. Takashi Fujiwara, Mr. Kota Azuma, Mr. Kenta Higashi, Mr. Toshiki Miura, and Mr. Chen Tiansheng have contributed in development of the numerical codes. The contents of this book are mainly composed by their outcomes and the author should emphasize that this book would have never reached to this level without their contribution.

Recommendation Letter

At the Rio Olympic Games last summer, the pleasure of the Japanese team who won the silver medal in the 4  ×  100  m relay on the ground was a topic all over the world. This is because their achievement exceeds the total sum of the competences of the individual players with a quick and sure baton pass to the following runners.

The first runner in the research and development of the method of progressive collapse analysis of structures described in this textbook was Professor Tadahiko Kawai (University of Tokyo). The rigid bodies-spring model (RBSM) based on his idea widely recognized the validity of discontinuum mechanics models in the highly nonlinear analysis as discussed in this textbook.

The second runner is Professor Yutaka Toi (University of Tokyo) who was advised by Professor Kawai as a graduate student (1974–79). Professor Toi derived the mathematical equivalence conditions for the RBSM and the finite elements, based on which he proposed the adaptively shifted integration (ASI) technique as a combination of the discontinuum mechanics method and the finite element method, establishing the fundamentals of the method.

The third runner is Professor Daigoro Isobe (University of Tsukuba), the author of this textbook. He was taught the basic concepts of the ASI technique and the nonlinear finite element method by Professor Toi as a graduate student (1989–94). Continuing the research energetically, he proposed the more accurate version called the ASI-Gauss technique, and developed the practically effective numerical code with the sophisticated algorithms for member fracture, contact, and separation.

By applying the developed program to the progressive collapse analysis of some actual structures subjected to aircraft impact, fire, blast demolition, seismic loading and debris impact, Professor Isobe has opened up a new way for the simulation of complicated collapse behaviors of large-scale structures. Domestically, its practical importance has already been highly evaluated. The international awareness can also be expected to greatly increase by the publication of this English textbook.

In the present research and development, the inspiration and education for the research successors were successfully conducted through the relation of the advisors and the graduate students, as in the elegant button pass of the Japanese relay team, which has largely contributed to the publication of this excellent textbook. It can be recommended to all engineers, researchers, and students in the field of structural engineering.

Yutaka Toi,     Emeritus Professor, University of Tokyo

Chapter One

Introduction

Abstract

This book is aimed to introduce basic theories of a numerical code, which enable one to simulate progressive collapse behaviors of structures. Moreover, some applications of the numerical code, arranged in the order of disastrous events, are shown to help the readers understand the validity and utility of the code. The source program of the numerical code is also shown in the appendix to help students and beginners to understand the basic structure of finite-element simulations. This book can be used as a textbook for such classes as structural analysis, structural mechanics, computational mechanics, and so on.

Keywords

Aims and