Synthetic Paradigm

A book on synthetic appurtenance

Edition-I

Synthetic Paradigm

Deepak Chowrasia  Dr. Nisha Sharma

Assistant Professor   Head of Department

University Institute of Pharmacy       University Institute of Pharmacy

CSJM University Kanpur,    CSJM University Kanpur, 

(U.P.), India       (U.P.), India

Synthetic ParadigmDeepak Chowrasia

Edited by

Deepak Chowrasia

All rights reserved with editor. Reproduction, duplication, storage, or transmission of any or entire part of this publication by any means without prior permission of editor is an offence.

Right- in-Rem (Copyright)@DeepakChowrasia

ISBN: 978-93-5268-189-1

Design, Edited, & Published by

Deepak Chowrasia

Assistant Professor

University Institute of Pharmacy

CSJM University, Kanpur-24 India

Chowrasia.deepak@gmail.com

By making human beings, the god proven, mistake can be done by supreme power also........................

-Deepak chowrasia

-For my parents

Jai Shri Ram & Shakuntala Devi

-Deepak Chowrasia

Legal Disclaimer

This book is written, edited, and printed (soft copy) in India and sold or free circulated (subject to legal written permission from author) with an intention to amplify knowledge of reader irrespective of global territory. Any authorities (Government and/or non-government and/or education institutions and/or Universities and/or other institutions-profitable or non-profitable societies including websites-educational or non-educational) in any respect or under any circumstances is strictly not allowed to store any part of this book in their/other retrieval system, sold, hire out, lend, resold, circulate, print, reprint, and/or reproduce any part of this book including sections, sub-sections, figures, tables, and/or any other related written materials by any mean (photocopying, recording, mechanical, electronic or otherwise) without the legal written consent from author.

Every effort has been made by author/s to avoid error/s (printing, grammatical, and any other kind) or omission/s in this edition. However, any error/mistake or discrepancies if noted may be brought to author and necessary action will be taken in the next edition. It is honestly notified that neither the author/s or the printing press or seller or distributor will be responsible for any damage or loss to anyone of any kind in any manner.  As nothing in this universe is perfect except the almighty, this book is none of an exception, any queries and suggestion regarding this edition is heartiest welcome and can be mailed to chowrasia.deepak@gmail.com. 

This edition is Copyright ©-2016 and self-published by author. All right reserved with author.

Please Note

All the experiments encrypted in this book is well verified and thoroughly cross checked however for safe & efficient work-out it is strictly recommended to revalidate procedure, chemicals, apparatus, and/or any other related requirement from reliable resources, all the synthetic procedures (given in this book) must be supervised by well trained & qualified subject expert. The time period given for completion of chemical reaction is in approximate and varies with environmental conditions, method of handling, quantity of principle/assisted reactants/solvent, and any other known/unknown factor. The author/s and/or publisher is not anyhow or in any respect responsible for minor/major injuries, damage, known or unknown potential risk associated with experimental procedure or related matter associated with the book.

Index

Synthesis of Ethyl Acetate1

Synthesis of Acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide) from Aniline  2

Synthesis of Acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide) from Acetophenone    2

Synthesis of Sulfanilamide 3

Synthesis of p-Acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride   4

Synthesis of p-Acetamidobenzenesulfonamide5

Synthesis of Phenyl benzoate5

Synthesis of 2-Naphthyl benzoate6

Synthesis of 3-Hexylacrylic acid (2-Nonenoic acid  7

Synthesis of Benzanilide (From Aniline); Schotten-Baumann Reaction  8

Synthesis of Benzanilide (From Benzophenone-oxime); Beckmann Rearrangement   9

Synthesis of Fumaric acid9

Synthesis of Acetophenone Phenylhydrazone10

Synthesis of 2-Phenylindole; Fischer Indole Synthesis  11 

Synthesis of 1, 1’–Bis-2-Naphthol 11

Synthesis of Benzylideneacetophenone (Chalcone); Cross Aldol Condensation     12

Synthesis of Benzophenone-oxime13

Synthesis of Monophenyl Urea14

Synthesis of Benzylthiouronium Chloride14

Synthesis of Benzolyglycine (Hippuric acid)  15

Synthesis of 4-Benzylidene-2-phenyloxazole-5-one   16

Synthesis of Sorbic acid 17

Synthesis of Acetylglycine 17

Synthesis of 2-Iodobenzoic Acid 18

Synthesis of Phenyl Glucosazone 19

Synthesis of Antipyrine (2,3-Dimethyl-1-Phenyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-5-one)    19

Synthesis of 1-Nitronaphthalene20

Synthesis of Phenyl Acetate 21

Synthesis of m-Dinitrobenzene 22

Synthesis of 2-Napthyl Acetate23

Synthesis of Oxalic Acid 23

Synthesis of Benzaldehyde-phenylhydrazone 24

Synthesis of Benzoin; Benzoin condensation  25

Synthesis of Benzil25

Synthesis of 5,5-Diphenyloimidazolidino-2,4-dion (Phenytoin)  26

Synthesis of Benzilic Acid; Rearrangement of benzilic acid 27

Synthesis of Benzil Osazone 27

Synthesis of Diphenylacetylene 28

Synthesis of Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone   29

Synthesis of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline 30

Synthesis of 2-Amino-5-Iodotoluene   30

Synthesis of 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol (Picric acid)   31

Synthesis of Ethyl p-Nitrobenzoate   32

Synthesis of p-Aminobenzoate (Benzocaine) 33

Synthesis of p-Bromonitrobenzene    34

Synthesis of p-Aminobenzenesulphonic acid (Sulphanilic acid)   34

Synthesis of 2-Nitroresorcinol 35

Synthesis of Methyl 2-Naphthyl ether (Nerolin)*   36

Synthesis of Methyl Orange 37

Synthesis of β-Naphthol Orange (Orange-II) 38

Synthesis of Phthalimide 39

Synthesis of Biphenic acid (Diphenic acid)   40

Synthesis of Butyl methyl ether; Williamson synthesis   41

Synthesis of 1-Bromobutane; Nucleophilic Substitution-2 (SN2-reaction)      41

Synthesis of Cyclohexene; Dehydration via E1 mechanism      42

Synthesis of 2-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine ethyl ester 43

Synthesis of Methyl Salicylate (Oil of wintergreen)   44

Synthesis of N-Acetylanthranilic Acid  45

Synthesis of Salicylic Acid 46

Synthesis of Benzoic acid (Grignard Assisted Reaction)   46

Synthesis of Adipic Acid  47 

Synthesis of Malachite green  48

Synthesis of 9, 10-Dihydroanthracene-9,10-α, β-succinic anhydride (Diels Alder Reaction)   49

Synthesis of Crystal violet 50

Synthesis of Indigo dye 51

Synthesis of Acetyl salicylic acid (Aspirin) (from Acetyl Chloride)     51

Synthesis of Acetyl salicylic acid (Aspirin) (from Acetic anhydride)   52

Synthesis of Soap (Saponification reaction)  53

Synthesis of Phenacetin 53

Synthesis of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)   54

Synthesis of Fluorescein 55

Synthesis of Triphenyl Methanol 56

Synthesis of Methyl-benzoate 57

Synthesis of Isopentyl-acetate 58

Synthesis of Hexamine (Urotropine)   59

Synthesis of 2-Diethylamino2,6-Dimethyl-Acetanilide (Lidocaine)     60

Synthesis of 2-chloro-N-2,6-dimethylphenylacetamide   61

Synthesis of Barbituric acid 61

Synthesis of p-Nitrophenyloxyacetic acid   62

Synthesis of α-D-Glucose penta-acetate 63

Synthesis of β-D-Glucose penta-acetate 64

Synthesis of 1-Naphthoic acid (1-Napthalene carboxylic acid)   65

Synthesis of Dimethylaminomethylindole (Gramine) 65

Synthesis of 1-Nitroso-2-Naphthol 66

Synthesis of Benzoic acid; Cannizzaro reaction   67

Synthesis of Benzyl alcohol; Cannizzaro reaction   68

Synthesis of Ethyl cinnamate; Wittig reaction 69

Synthesis of 4-Methoxycinnamic acid; Verley-Doebner modification of Knoevenagel reaction   69

Synthesis of Ethyl-4-Methoxycinnamate 70

Synthesis of p-Nitroacetanilide 71

Synthesis of p-Bromoacetanilide 72

Synthesis of 2,4,6-Tribromoacetanilide Or (N-(2,4,6-tribromophenyl)Acetamide)     73

Synthesis of Benzopinacol; Photo-Reduction Reaction   73

Synthesis of Benzopinacolone (2,2,2-Triphenylacetophenone); Pinacol-Pinacolone Rearrangement 74

Synthesis of p-aminobenzoic acid (Para-aminobenzoic acid-PABA)   75

Synthesis of 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (from p-aminobenzoic acid)   76

Synthesis of 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (from Salicylic acid)   77

Synthesis of 4-hydroxy ethyl benzoate (Ethylparaben)   77

Synthesis of β-dimethylaminopropiophenone hydrochloride (Mannich Reaction)     78

Synthesis of Diazomethane 79

Synthesis of diethyl 2-(3-oxo-1,3-diphenylpropyl)malonate (Michaels Addition Reaction)   80

Synthesis of 2,4,6-Tri-(dimethylaminomethyl)-phenol (Mannich Reaction)   80

Synthesis of Nicotinamide 81

Synthesis of 1-benzyldihydronicotinamide   82

Synthesis of Acetylferrocene (Friedel-Craft Reaction)   82

Synthesis of 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 83

Synthesis of Cholesteryl benzoate 84

Synthesis of 4-Chlorotoluene; Sandmeyer Reaction   84

Synthesis of 4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin; Pechmann reaction   85

Synthesis of Allyl Phenyl Ether  86

Synthesis of Pentaerythritol; Cannizzaro reaction   87

Synthesis of O-benzoyloxyacetophenone 88

Synthesis of O-hydroxydibenzoylmethane   88

Synthesis of Flavone 89

Synthesis of m-Nitrobenzaldehyde 90

Synthesis of Dibenzalacetone 91

Laboratory general & safety guidelines

01.  Be punctual & On-time.

02.  Before entering into lab ensure;

You are well dressed.

Wear white full sleeve over the length apron, disposable gloves & laboratory goggles.

Wear shoes that protect foot; avoid any low or high heel slipper or sandal. 

Carrying good quality well equipped laboratory kit, lab manual & completed lab note book.

03.  Get familiarized yourself with all aspect of laboratory glasswares, instrumentation, synthetic procedure, chemical handling techniques, and final workup before proceeding for experimentation.

04.  Always follow the golden rule "No game no pain-this strategy protect you from being getting serious irreversible injuries.

05.  Beware chemicals including solvents used in synthetic as well as purification procedures are highly toxic and mutagenic, avoid any direct contact. 

06.  Thoroughly listen subsequently note down & adhere to instruction given in laboratory.

07.  Review procedure & clarify any doubt before performing the final task.

08.  Handle chemicals carefully especially acids, bases, highly volatile & corrosive materials.

09.  Before dispensing check label twice and remove slightly more than whatever is required.   

10.