Freud in 60 Minutes: Great Thinkers in 60 Minutes
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Walther Ziegler
Walther Ziegler est professeur d'université et docteur en philosophie. En tant que correspondant à l'étranger, reporter et directeur de l'information de la chaîne de télévision allemande ProSieben, il a produit des films sur tous les continents. Ses reportages ont été récompensés par plusieurs prix. En 2007, il a prit la direction de la « Medienakademie » à Munich, une Université des Sciences Appliquées et y forme depuis des cinéastes et des journalistes. Il est l'auteur de nombreux ouvrages philosophiques, qui ont été publiés en plusieurs langues dans le monde entier. En sa qualité de journaliste de longue date, il parvient à résumer la pensée complexe des grands philosophes de manière passionnante et accessible à tous.
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Freud in 60 Minutes - Walther Ziegler
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Freud’s Great Discovery
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is without a doubt one of the most important thinkers of the 20th Century. He has marked the way modern Man sees and understands himself more deeply, perhaps, than any other writer. It is largely due to Freud that we nowadays no longer look on ourselves as creatures of pure reason but rather as beings governed by feelings such as anxiety, longing and desire. For two thousand years, philosophy interpreted Man only in terms of his reason. The I think, therefore I am
of the French philosopher Descartes, for example, amounted to a claim that logical thought formed the essence of what it was to be human. The body was seen as a mere servant of the mind.
Freud fundamentally contradicts this way of seeing things. Man – such was Freud’s provocative stance here – is, on the contrary, essentially a creature of drives and instincts, a homo natura. It is, first and foremost, these drives, instincts and needs that Man obeys and his mind is just these drives’ servant, a mere secondary phenomenon. For, as Freud writes:
Our perception of the world and our actions are, said Freud, determined not so much by reason as by feelings and emotions of which we are not aware. We believe, indeed, that we are acting logically and rationally but in fact we are governed by unconscious wishes. If we face the truth, says Freud, we are forced to the conclusion that:
The philosophers, then, had erred in their overestimation of reason and had, for two thousand years, followed a false path. This radical insight brought down on Freud the hostility of many practicing philosophers. Heidegger accused him of gawking at states of the soul
and the other great German existentialist Karl Jaspers even dismissed Freud’s discovery of unconscious desires and drives as mere philosophy of the anus
. Freud reacted calmly to such criticisms, noting merely that:
Philosophers did indeed initially dismiss Freud’s idea of an unconscious mind
as a logical impossibility. If as Freud claimed, they argued, the human psyche comprises an unconscious realm
, then we cannot, by definition, consciously know anything about this realm; it is inaccessible to knowledge and it is impossible that books, such as Freud’s, should be written about it. But if, on the other hand, we can in fact seize and know this realm well enough to speak or write about it, then what we seize and know cannot really be called unconscious
; it must be considered part of our conscious understanding. One way or the other, then, the idea of an unconscious realm
is superfluous, indeed senseless.
Yet Freud insisted that the unconscious mind did exist, even if it mostly remained inaccessible to rational understanding. He rebutted his critics by specifying that this unconscious mind was something which we do not constantly rationally cognize but rather sporadically recognize. It is in dreams, hypnosis, attacks of laughter or tears, or through involuntary misspeaks, defence mechanisms, symptoms or slips, that what is contained in the unconscious emerges, albeit in disguised form, to the conscious surface of our minds. In dreams, for example, wishes and anxieties that we have pushed out of our waking mind find expression. Some dreams are downright insistent, recurring again and again with slight variations. For Freud, this indicates that unconscious impulses refuse to be simply shut out and repressed. They make sure that they are heard by slipping their message stubbornly into dream after dream. Freud writes:
Only when we pay attention to a dream’s specific content, decipher its meaning (which can often be more