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    Tissue Engineering Made Easy
    Tissue Engineering Made Easy
    Tissue Engineering Made Easy
    Ebook221 pages12 hours

    Tissue Engineering Made Easy

    By Farhana Akter

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    About this ebook

    Tissue Engineering Made Easy provides concise, easy to understand, up-to-date information about the most important topics in tissue engineering. These include background and basic principles, clinical applications for a variety of organs (skin, nerves, eye, heart, lungs and bones), and the future of the field. The descriptions and explanations of each topic are such that those who have not had any exposure to the principles and practice of tissue engineering will be able to understand them, and the volume will serve as a source for self-teaching to get readers to a point where they can effectively engage with active researchers.

    • Offers readers a truly introductory way to understand the concepts, challenges and the new trends in reconstructive medicine
    • Features accessible language for students beginning their research careers, private practice physician collaborators, and residents just beginning their research rotation
    • Addresses the specifics for a variety of organs/systems – nerves, skin, bone, cardiovascular, respiratory, ophthalmic
    • Provides examples from clinical and everyday situations
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAcademic Press
    Release dateMay 31, 2016
    ISBN9780128092286
    Tissue Engineering Made Easy
    Author

    Farhana Akter

    His status as an early-career researcher (with a limited publication record; h-index 5) is precisely what makes this author the ideal voice for a truly entry-level volume. Other successful Life Science titles – MATLAB for Neuroscientists and Guide to Research Techniques for Neuroscientists – serve as examples of how young authors can effectively address the questions most pertinent to others in their same career phase. Author, OSCE Passcards for Medical Students (Radcliffe Publishing, 2014, 9781910227251) – publication designed to test Objective Structured Clinical Examination candidates on procedure for a wide variety of topics. Presents topics in an easy-to-read format, detailing best practices, pertinent questions, tests to perform, and possible responses and suspected diagnoses. Prizes & distinctions: Great Britain & Ireland Intercalated award, 2009; Young Physiologists Prize, 2009; Royal College of Obstetrics & Gynaecology research prize, 2010; Merit prize for Teaching, 2013. Additional clinical and research experience: Critical care, MGH, Harvard Medical School; Neurosurgery, Hospital Kuala Lumpur; Postpartum Haemorrhage, BDG, Hospital, Tanzania; Febrile convulsions, ICMH, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

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      Book preview

      Tissue Engineering Made Easy - Farhana Akter

      field.

      Chapter 1

      What is Tissue Engineering?

      F. Akter,    University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

      Abstract

      The term tissue engineering was officially coined at a National Science Foundation workshop in 1988. It was created to represent a new scientific field focused on the regeneration of tissues from cells with the support of biomaterials, scaffolds, and growth factors.

      Keywords

      Tissue engineering; regenerative medicine; cell therapy; scaffolds; growth factors

      1.1 Introduction

      The term tissue engineering was officially coined at a National Science Foundation workshop in 1988. It was created to represent a new scientific field focused on the regeneration of tissues from cells with the support of biomaterials, scaffolds, and growth factors (Heineken and Skalak, 1991).

      Tissues or organs can be damaged in various ways, such as by trauma, congenital diseases, or cancer. Treatment options include surgical repair, artificial prostheses, transplantation, and drug therapy. However, full restoration of damaged tissues can be difficult, and the resulting tissues are not always functionally or esthetically satisfactory. The damage to tissues may be irreversible, and can lead to lifelong problems for the patient. In such cases, organ transplantation can be lifesaving; however, this is greatly limited by the lack of donor tissue. Surgeons therefore face a number of challenges in reconstructing damaged tissues and organs.

      Tissue engineering enables the regeneration of a patient’s own tissues, and thus provides the potential for reducing the need for donor organ transplants. It also reduces the problems faced with traditional donor organ transplantation, such as poor biocompatibility and biofunctionality, and immune rejection. However, despite extensive animal research, human studies are limited. Although tissues such as skin grafts, cartilage, bladders, and a trachea have been implanted in patients, the procedures are still experimental and costly. A focus on low-cost production strategies is thus critical for the successful mass production of effective tissue-engineered products. Solid organs with more complex histological structures—such as the heart, lung, and liver—have been successfully recreated in the lab, and although they are not currently ready for implantation into humans, the tissues can be useful in drug development and can reduce the number of animals used for research (Griffith and Naughton, 2002).

      In the following chapters we discuss the tissue engineering applications available for different systems of the body, and their relevance to clinical practice and surgical treatment.

      What is Tissue Engineering?

      1. The use of a combination of cells, engineering materials, and suitable biochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions.

      2. An interdisciplinary field of research that applies both the principles of engineering and the processes and phenomena of the life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function (Langer and Vacanti, 1993).

      What is Regenerative Medicine?

      Regenerative medicine refers to both cell therapy and tissue engineering. Cell therapy utilizes new cells to replace damaged cells within a tissue to restore its integrity and function. Tissue engineering encompasses three approaches: the use of bioactive molecules such as growth factors that encourage tissue induction; the use of cells that respond to various signals; and the seeding of cells into three-dimensional matrices to create tissue-like constructs to replace the lost parts of tissues or organs (Howard et al., 2008).

      References

      1. Griffith LG, Naughton G. Tissue engineering—current challenges and expanding opportunities. Science. 2002;295(5557):1009–1014.

      2. Heineken FG, Skalak R. Tissue engineering: a brief overview. J Biomech Eng. 1991;113(2):111–112.

      3. Howard D, Buttery LD, Shakesheff KM, Roberts SJ. Tissue engineering: strategies, stem cells and scaffolds. J Anat. 2008;213:66–72.

      4. Langer R, Vacanti JP. Tissue engineering. Science. 1993;260:920–926.

      Chapter 2

      Principles of Tissue Engineering

      F. Akter,    University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

      Abstract

      Tissue engineering (TE) provides opportunities to create functional constructs for tissue repair and the study of stem cell behavior, and also provides models for studying various diseases. In order to produce an engineered tissue, a three-dimensional environment in the form of a porous scaffold is required. The construct also requires appropriate cells and growth factors, forming the TE triad. The cell synthesizes new tissue, while the scaffold provides the appropriate environment for cells to proliferate and function. Growth factors facilitate and promote cells to regenerate new tissue. It is important to tailor the components of the TE triad for specific tissue applications. Each component is individually important, and understanding their interactions is key for successful

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