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    Women's Issues Caused By Hormones
    Women's Issues Caused By Hormones
    Women's Issues Caused By Hormones
    Ebook82 pages34 minutes

    Women's Issues Caused By Hormones

    By Marie-Luise Blue

    ()

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    About this ebook

    Women's Issues Caused by Hormones consists of brief science-based articles. The book covers the effect of natural and synthetic hormones on women's bodies, including the brain. Inspired by women in her life, Marie-Luise Blue looks at what scientific studies have discovered.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherBookBaby
    Release dateFeb 1, 2016
    ISBN9781483561486
    Women's Issues Caused By Hormones

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      Women's Issues Caused By Hormones - Marie-Luise Blue

      References

      Introduction

      Hormones course through the body in minute quantities, but have huge effects on organs and tissues. Steroid hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, shape women’s lifes, their bodies, and minds. Complex pathways regulate the activity and production of hormones and science tries to uncover how they work.

      Some of the articles in this compilation are based on or triggered by real women’s experiences, but names are changed to protect their privacy.

      I. Pregnancy

      1. Why women are more susceptible to infections during pregnancy

      If you ever wondered why you or other women seem to get the flu and colds more often when pregnant - the answer is that pregnancy reduces a woman’s immunity in order to protect the baby from an attack by the mother’s immune system. However, sometimes the increased susceptibility to infections during pregnancy also poses serious risks to both the mother and the baby. Using a pregnancy mouse model, researchers at the University of Minnesota Medical School discovered the molecular basis for this reduced immunity (1). The study suggests that a woman’s immunity could be boosted without harming the baby.

      Immunity during pregnancy is reduced

      Immune cells attack anything that is non-self: viruses, bacteria, parasites and abnormal cells like cancer cells. Sometimes, the immune system is overactive and attacks harmless substances such as pollen and other allergens. In autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis (MS), the immune system destroys self cells for not fully understood reasons. A baby has about 50 percent of the father’s antigens or proteins, which the mother’s immune system regards as foreign or "non-self’. However, unlike the rejection of genetically non-identical transplanted organs, the mother’s immune system does not reject the baby. Pregnancy suppresses the mother’s cellular immune system and induces immune tolerance. Interestingly, women with rheumatoid arthritis and MS usually experience remission of their symptoms during pregnancy. Studies showed that the immune response mediated by cells is thwarted in pregnancy, but the humoral or antibody response is still working to protect the mother and baby.

      Specific dangerous infections

      Pregnant women are more susceptible to specific diseases and when infected will often suffer a longer duration and more severe disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2).

      1. Flu (influenza)

      2. Varicella pneumonia

      Varicella pneumonia is a complication of chickenpox (varicella) virus infection, caused by the virus spreading via the blood circulation to the lungs.

      3. Measles (rubeola)

      Women, who have never been vaccinated against this viral disease, may suffer miscarriage or premature delivery.

      4. Malaria

      Infection with this severe parasitic disease during pregnancy can cause miscarriage, premature delivery or stillbirth.

      5. Toxoplasmosis

      Toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite, sometimes present in raw or uncooked meat. Infection during pregnancy can damage the brain of the fetus.

      6. Listeria

      Listeria is caused by a bacteria found in contaminated food. During pregnancy, it can cause miscarriage or stillbirth.

      How maternal immunity is suppressed

      Immune cells, called regulatory T cells, suppress the mother’s immune system so it will not attack the fetus during pregnancy. Using mice, researchers showed that a specific molecule made by regulatory T cells, called IL-10, suppresses the mother’s immune system. Researchers found that these regulatory T cells rapidly increased during pregnancy in the experimental mice. When the mice were infected with Listeria or Salmonella, the regulatory T cells suppressed the immune response against these bacteria. When the regulatory T cells were removed, the mice became resistant to the bacterial infections by mounting a strong immune response, but were not able to maintain their pregnancies.

      Increasing immunity without harming the baby

      The researchers found that the molecule, IL-10, made by the regulatory T cells could by itself suppress an immune response to Listeria and Salmonella. When IL-10 was removed from the regulatory T cells, the pregnant mice were much better able to fight the bacterial infections. Removing just the IL-10 had no adverse effect on the pregnancies of the mice. These results suggest that a

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