International Geophysics Series

Physics of Geomagnetic Phenomena, Volume I is a comprehensive, balanced, and authoritative introductory text to geomagnetism. The book is divided into three parts encompassing 11 chapters that discuss the advances in geomagnetism, the generation of geomagnetic field phenomena, and the geomagnetic storm generation mechanisms. The first part of the book covers the history, instrumentation, local anomalies, and different types of indices of geomagnetism. The second part discusses the paleomagnetic data for the direction and intensity of the geomagnetic field in ancient times, and then presents an outline of the theoretical interpretations of the main paleomagnetic results. This part also examines earth’s main geomagnetic field and electromagnetic induction. The third part describes the morphologies of solar quiet and lunar daily variations on individual days and on the average, including the methods of obtaining current systems responsible for these variations and their results. Discussions on the geomagnetic variations in the equatorial zone; the neutral atmosphere and the quiet ionosphere; and the various geomagnetic and ionospheric phenomena are also provided.

Theory of Ionospheric Waves

Weather Modification by Cloud Seeding

Radiation in the Atmosphere

Continental Drift brings together within one volume a discussion of the geophysical evidence relating to horizontal movements in the earth's crust in its widest sense. This is not the time for a reappraisal of the work of German meteorologist Alfred Wegener, but it is hoped that this volume will stimulate a serious interest in a subject formerly considered by many earth scientists as already closed. The book contains 12 chapters and begins with a discussion of paleomagnetic evidence for continental drift and its geophysical cause. This is followed by separate chapters on of paleoclimatic evidence on the paleomagnetic latitudes given by paleomagnetism; studies of earthquake mechanism; movements on major transcurrent faults; and magnetic evidence for horizontal displacements in the floor of the Pacific Ocean. Subsequent chapters deal with thermal convection in the earth's mantle; the theory of convection in spherical shells and its application to the problem of thermal convection in the earth's mantle; mountain-building hypotheses; and investigations of the deep-sea floor.

Physics of the marine atmosphere

Climate and Life

Lunar Gravimetry

Planets and Their Atmospheres: Origin and Evolution

A systematic, unifying approach to the dynamics of the ocean and atmosphere is given in this book, with emphasis on the larger-scale motions (from a few kilometers to global scale). The foundations of the subject (the equations of state and dynamical equations) are covered in some detail, so that students with training in mathematics should find it a self-contained text. Knowledge of fluid mechanics is helpful but not essential. Simple mathematical models are used to demonstrate the fundamental dynamical principles with plentiful illustrations from field and laboratory.

Chemistry and Physics of Stratospheric Ozone will provide an in-depth account of chemical and physical properties of stratospheric ozone, which will be valuable to a wide audience. The research of the last decade has produced as many arguments as answers, and the author provides a good account of both the accepted and provocative resolutions. Focuses on the important aspects of stratospheric ozone that are needed to understand most of the literature Provides extensive discussion of the natural and human-induced changes to the "ozone layer" Includes homework problems at the end of each chapter

Atmospheric Circulation Systems: their structure and physical interpretation

Ocean Circulation Physics

The Earth's Magnetic Field : Its History, Origin, and Planetary Perspective

The Urban Climate aims to summarize analytical studies directed toward physical understanding of the rural-urban differences in the atmospheric boundary layer. Attempts to quantify conditions have met with some success. There is certainly a clear understanding of the physical relations that create the climatic differences of urbanized areas. Although some of the earlier classical studies are cited here, the emphasis is on the work done during the last decade and a half. This volume comprises 11 chapters, beginning with an introductory chapter discussing the literature surrounding the topic, its historical development, and the problem of local climate modification. The second chapter presents an assessment of the urban atmosphere on a synoptic and local scale, and examines the observational procedures involved. The following chapters then go on to discuss urban air composition; urban energy fluxes; the urban heat island; the urban wind field; models of urban temperature and wind fields; moisture, clouds, and hydrometeors; urban hydrology; special aspects of urban climate; and finally, urban planning. This book will be of interest to practitioners in the fields of meteorology, urban planning, and urban climatology.

El Nino and the Southern Oscillation is by far the most striking phenomenon caused by the interplay of ocean and atmosphere. It can be explained neither in strictly oceanographic nor strictly meteorological terms. This volume provides a brief history of the subject, summarizes the oceanographic and meteorological observations and theories, and discusses the recent advances in computer modeling studies of the phenomenon. Key Features * Includes a comprehensive and up-to-date research survey * Discusses in detail sophisticated computer models * Provides a clear exposition of the major problems which prevent more accurate predictions of El Nino

Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere

Deformations of an Elastic Earth

The Earth's Climate, Past and Future

Since 1984, Geophysical Data Analysis has filled the need for a short, concise reference on inverse theory for individuals who have an intermediate background in science and mathematics. The new edition maintains the accessible and succinct manner for which it is known, with the addition of: MATLAB examples and problem sets Advanced color graphics Coverage of new topics, including Adjoint Methods; Inversion by Steepest Descent, Monte Carlo and Simulated Annealing methods; and Bootstrap algorithm for determining empirical confidence intervals Additional material on probability, including Bayesian influence, probability density function, and metropolis algorithm Detailed discussion of application of inverse theory to tectonic, gravitational and geomagnetic studies Numerous examples and end-of-chapter homework problems help you explore and further understand the ideas presented Use as classroom text facilitated by a complete set of exemplary lectures in Microsoft PowerPoint format and homework problem solutions for instructors

Fluid Mechanics of the Atmosphere presents the fundamental equations which govern most of the flow problems studied by atmospheric scientists. The equations are derived in a systematic way that is intended to facilitate critical evaluation. The goal of this text is twofold. First the book supplies the student a background familiarity in the underlying physics behind the mathematics. Second it explores some systematic methods of relating these physics to atmospheric problems, including rotating frames of reference effects, vorticity dynamics, and turbulence effects on closure. Key Features * Stresses vorticity, principles of scaling, and turbulence * Extensively illustrated * Includes end-of-chapter summaries and problem sets * Classroom tested for five years

This work is addressed to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in astronomy, geology, chemistry, meteorology, and the planetary sciences as well as to researchers with pertinent areas of specialization who desire an introduction to the literature across the broad interdisciplinary range of this important topic. Extensive references to the pre-spacecraft literature will be particularly useful to readers interested in the historical development of the field during this century.

During the course of this century, meteorology has become unified, physics-based, and highly computational. Calculating the Weather: Meteorology in the 20th Century explains this transformation by examining thevarious roles of computation throughout the history of meteorology, giving most attention to the period from World War I to the 1960s. The electronic digital computer, a product of World War II, led to great advances in empirical, theoretical, and practical meteorology. At the same time, the use of the computer led to the discovery of so-called"chaotic systems,"and to the recognition that there may well be fundamental limits to predicting the weather. One of the very few books covering 20th century meteorology, this text is an excellent supplement to any course in general meteorology, forecasting, or history of science. Key Features * Provides a narrative account of the growth of meteorology in the 20th century * Explains how forecasting the weather became a physics-based science * Studies the impact of the computer on meteorology and thus provides an example of science transformed by the computer * Describes three traditions in meteorology: * The empirical tradition of gathering data and making inferences * A theoretical tradition of explaining atmospheric motions by means of the laws of physics * The practical tradition of predicting the weather * Analyzes the increasing role of calculation within each of the traditions and explains how electronic digital computers made possible many connections between traditions

This up-to-date textbook is highly recommended for introductory courses offered at undergraduate and graduate levels. Coverage begins with basic fluid and thermodynamical laws and concepts, then moves on to cover such major topics as momentum and heat exchanges with homogeneous surfaces, nonhomogeneous boundary layers, fundamentals of turbulence, and more. This book introduces the reader to theoretical concepts and quantitative relations through qualitative descriptions based upon observations.

In recent years, significant advances in both the theoretical and observational sides of physical oceanography have allowed the ocean's physical behavior to be described more quantitatively. This book discusses the physical mechanisms and processes of the sea, and will be valuable not only to oceanographers but also physicists, graduate students, and scientists working in dynamics or optics of the marine environment.

From the Preface: In the 18 years since my technical monograph Lightning (McGraw-Hill, 1969; Dover, 1984) was first published, there have been significant advances in our understanding of lightning, but, until now, there has been no new monograph on the subject. A number of edited collections of papers and conference proceedings relating to lightning have been published during this period and are listed in Appendix D as well as being referenced, where appropriate, throughout the text... In the present book, the chapters are organized primarily by lightning process. Each chapter contains a reference list of essentially all literature on the subject discussed in that chapter, although all of these references may not be cited in the text.

Paleomagnetism is the study of the fossil magnetism in rocks. It has been paramount in determining that the continents have drifted over the surface of the Earth throughout geological time. The fossil magnetism preserved in the ocean floor has demonstrated how continental drift takes place through the process of sea-floor spreading. The methods and techniques used in paleomagnetic studies of continental rocks and of the ocean floor are described and then applied to determining horizontal movements of the Earth's crust over geological time. An up-to-date review of global paleomagnetic data enables 1000 million years of Earth history to be summarized in terms of the drift of the major crustal blocks over the surface of the Earth. The first edition of McElhinny's book was heralded as a "classic and definitive text." It thoroughly discussed the theory of geomagnetism, the geologic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field, and the shifting of magnetic poles. In the 25 years since the highly successful first edition of Palaeomagnetism and Plate Tectonics (Cambridge, 1973) the many advances in the concepts, methodology, and insights into paleomagnetism warrant this new treatment. This completely updated and revised edition of Paleomagnetism: Continents and Oceans will be a welcome resource for a broad audience of earth scientists as well as laypeople curious about magnetism, paleogeography, geology, and plate tectonics. Because the book is intended for a wide audience of geologists, geophysicists, and oceanographers, it balances the mathematical and descriptive aspects of each topic. * Details the theory and methodology of rock magnetism, with particular emphasis on intrepreting crustal movements from continental and oceanic measurements * Outlines Earth history for the past 1000 million years, from the Rodinia super-continent through its breakup and the formation of Gondwana to the formation and breakup of Pangea and the amalgamation of Eurasia * Provides a comprehensive treatment of oceanic paleomagnetism * Provides a set of color pateogeographic maps covering the past 250 million years * Written by two internationally recognized experts in the field

This book is an introduction to the use of the ultraviolet for remote sensing of the Earth's atmosphere. It covers the Earth's UV radiative environment, experimental techniques, and current applications. it is my intention to provide the information needed to "make a first approximation" concerning the use of the ultraviolet and to provide access through the literature for a more thorough study. * Contains recent UV applications not previously available in book form such as ozone, auroral images, and ionospheric sensing * Features broad coverage of fundamentals of atmospheric geophysics with values for fluxes, cross-sections, and radiances * Covers techniques that illustrate principles of measurements with typical values * Contains numerous references to original literature

This book contains information about the theory of electromagnetic fields in conducting mediums. It describes the theoretical foundation of electromagnetic methods used in all areas of exploration geophysics, including a study of the earth's deep layers. This book will be useful for research and exploration geophysicists, electronic engineers, and graduate and undergraduate students in university geophysics departments. . Electromagnetic fields in conducting media . Physical principles of electromagnetic methods applied in geophysics . Relationship between electromagnetic fields and parameters of a medium

Meteorology at the Millennium details recent advances in meteorology and explores its interfaces with science, technology, and society. Ways in which modern meteorology is contributing to the developments in other sciences are described, as well as how atmospheric scientists are learning from colleagues in related disciplines. Meteorology at the Millennium will serve as a point of reference for students and researchers of meteorology and climatology for many years to come. The areas covered include weather prediction at the millennium, climate variability and change, atmosphere-ocean coupling, the biogeochemical system, weather on other planets. This book is a compilation of the best invited papers presented at a conference celebrating the 150 years of the Royal Meteorological Society (RMS).