Tutankhamen: Amenism, Atenism and Egyptian Monotheism/with Hieroglyphic Texts of Hymns to Amen and Aten
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Tutankhamen - E.A. Wallis Budge
IV.
TUTANKHAMEN
AMENISM, ATENISM AND EGYPTIAN MONOTHEISM
With Hieroglyphic Texts of
Hymns to Amen and Aten
E. A. WALLIS BUDGE
DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC.
New York
TO
THE MEMORY OF
GEORGE EDWARD STANHOPE MOLYNEUX HERBERT
EARL OF CARNARVON
Published in Canada by General Publishing Company, Ltd., 30 Lesmill Road, Don Mills, Toronto, Ontario.
Published in the United Kingdom by Constable and Company, Ltd., 3 The Lanchesters, 162–164 Fulham Palace Road, London W6 9ER.
This Dover edition, first published in 1991, is an unabridged republication of the work originally published in 1923 by Martin Hopkinson and Company Ltd, London. For reasons of proximity to textual reference, Plates I and XI have been moved to different locations in the present edition. Diacritical marks have been deleted from the cover and the title page for reasons of convenience.
Manufactured in the United States of America
Dover Publications, Inc., 31 East 2nd Street, Mineola, N.Y. 11501
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Budge, E. A. Wallis (Ernest Alfred Wallis), Sir, 1857-1934.
Tutankhamen : Amenism, Atenism, and Egyptian monotheism : with hieroglyphic texts of hymns to Amen and Aten / E. A. Wallis Budge. — Dover ed.
p. cm.
Originally published: London : Martin Hopkinson and Company Ltd, 1923.
Includes index.
eISBN 13: 978-0-486-14846-5
1. Tutankhamen, King of Egypt. 2. Egypt—Religion. 3. Hymns, Egyptian. 4. Egyptian language—Inscriptions. I. Title.
DT87.5.B8 1991
932′.01′092—dc20
CONTENTS
men
men
ten
ten, the God and Disk of the Sun, its origin, development and decline
etep IV
ten
ten by the King
i, Overseer of the Horse
Hymns to the Sun-god
Egyptian Monotheism
Index
ILLUSTRATIONS
1. PLATES
etep IV
men tribute and gifts from vassal peoples
men to the Temple of Sulb
etep III
er and Suti
etep III
etep III
etep IV
etep IV
etep IV
etep IV
Variegated glass bottle in the form of a fish
2. ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.
men-Rā, King of the Gods
menit
akhuti, Horus of the Two Horizons
Temu, ancient solar Man-headed god
men-Rā as his son
Khnem, Ānqit and Sati, Triad of Elephantine
etep III in the Temple of Ṣulb
Hathor of Thebes
men-Rā
Khensu, the Moon-god
npu (Anubis), son of Set and Nephthys
k, the Crocodile-god
k
er-Semsu, Horus the Aged
er-pa-khart (Harpokrates)
er-netch-tef-f
akhuti, War-god of Hermonthis
Menu Ka-mut-f
Geb, the Earth-god
Nut, the Sky-goddess
, Man-god of Memphis
Horus and Set, twin gods
Nephthys, consort of Set
Shu, god of heat and light
Tefnut, consort of Shu, goddess of moisture and water
Osiris, king and judge of the dead
Isis, consort of Osiris
mentt
r, god of the Osirian Resurrection
ten, source of life
eqit, a primeval frog-headed goddess
Thoth, the mind of the Creator
Maāt, goddess of Law and Truth
ten
ten
etep IV bestowing gifts on courtiers
ten
The four grandsons of Horus the Aged, guardians of the viscera of the dead
etep IV on his portable lion-throne
etep IV bestowing gifts
PREFACE
men in the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings in Western Thebes by the late Lord Carnarvon and Mr. Howard Carter sent a thrill of wonder and expectation through all the civilized peoples on the earth. In the accounts of the contents of the Tomb, which were published with admirable promptness and fullness in The Times, we read of bodies of chariots, chairs of state, gilded couches, royal apparel, boxes of trinkets and food and cosmetics and toilet requisites, large bitumenized wooden statues, alabaster vessels of hitherto unknown shapes and beauty, and countless other objects, until the mind reeled in its attempts to imagine the sight that met the eyes of the two discoverers when they entered the two outer chambers. Those who have seen the smaller objects and have enjoyed the privilege of examining them have been amazed at their exquisite beauty and finish; and there is no doubt that the importance of the find,
from an artistic point of view, can be expressed in words only with difficulty. It is easy to believe Sarwat Pasha when he says none of the accounts published have really done justice to the finds,
which, however, is not surprising, since their beauty is unique and indescribable (Times, Jan. 18, 1923, p.9).
men was not King of Egypt when any of them took place. And strange views have been promulgated even about some of the articles of furniture that Lord Carnarvon found in the tomb. Thus the funerary couch or bier with legs made in the form of a strange beast has been declared to be of Mesopotamian origin; but such is not the case. The beast represented is the composite monster called Āmmit,
i.e. Eater of the Dead,
and she is found in the Judgment Scene in all the great papyri containing the Theban Recension of the Book of the Dead. About her component parts there is no doubt, for in the Papyrus of Hunefer it is written, Her fore-part is crocodile, her hindquarters are hippopotamus, her middle part lion (or cat),
. The Mesopotamians knew of no such beast, and the couch or bier could only have been made in Egypt, where the existence of Āmmit was believed in and the fear of her was great.
i, his disciple and successor, at Tall al-‘Amârnah. The language and phrasing of these works are very interesting, for they show a just appreciation of the benefits that man and beast alike derive from the creative and fructifying influence of the heat and light of the sun. But I cannot find in them a single expression that contains any spiritual teaching, or any exhortation to purity of life, or any word of consciousness of sin, or any evidence of belief in a resurrection and a life beyond the grave. It is of course possible that all the religious works of the Atenites, except these hymns, have perished, but the fact remains that it is upon these two hymns, and the extracts from them which are found in the tombs of officials at Tall al-‘Amârnah, that modern writers have founded their views and statements about the highly spiritual character of the religion and morality of the Atenites.
ten, and deciding whether it was spiritual or material. In the following pages I have tried to carry out his suggestion, and in the circumstances perhaps it will not be out of place to say a few words about his labours in the field of Egyptian Archaeology.
arî in Western Thebes. In these,