Scientific Methods: A Tutorial Study Guide
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About this ebook
“Scientific Methods” is a part of the college-level Principles of Biology course series and the Neuropsychopharmacology course series textbooks. It is a tutorial written in questions and answers format to describe the methods for investigating and studying biological and natural science.
It is a study guide with in-depth explanations. Each section is a modular unit that is self-contained for easy reading. The principles and concepts are introduced systematically so students can learn and retain the materials intuitively.
Nicoladie Tam
Dr. Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D., is a writer and a professor who does research in emotions and the brain. She is an expert in neuropsychology, neurophysiology, brain imaging, computational neuroscience, and bioengineering. She has a Ph.D. degree in Physiology, and three Bachelor of Science degrees in Computer Science, Physics and Astrophysics. She has also been a suicide and crisis counselor, with extensive counseling experience in relationships and crisis management. She is also a life coach, who does relationship coaching and executive coaching, inspires others in achieving the very best.
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Scientific Methods - Nicoladie Tam
Preface
Scientific Methods
is a part of the college-level Principles of Biology course series and the Neuropsychopharmacology course series textbooks. It is a tutorial written in questions and answers format to describe the methods for investigating and studying biological and natural science.
It is a study guide with in-depth explanations. Each section is a modular unit that is self-contained for easy reading. The principles and concepts are introduced systematically so students can learn and retain the materials intuitively.
*~*~*~*~*
Textbooks by Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D., in the Principles of Biology course series:
Principles of Biology textbook in one volume:
Principles of Biology: Animal Systems
ISBN 9781301691739
Individual chapters of the Principles of Biology textbook series:
Biological System
ISBN 9781301003891
Scientific Methods
ISBN 9781301898688
Biological Principles
ISBN 9781310803666
Origin of Species
ISBN 9781301352456
Nervous System
ISBN 9781301053025
Neuron
ISBN 9781301119646
Action Potential
ISBN 9781301115372
Synapse
ISBN 9781301374120
Reflex
ISBN 9781301991266
Neurotransmitter
ISBN 9781301268610
Sensory System
ISBN 9781301660070
Motor System
ISBN 9781301500895
Endocrine System
ISBN 9781301642939
Reproductive System
ISBN 9781301424078
Circulatory System
ISBN 9781301262410
Respiratory System
ISBN 9781301805389
Immune System
ISBN 9781301452309
Renal System
ISBN 9781301927111
Digestive System
ISBN 9781301317097
Textbooks by Nicoladie Tam, Ph.D., in the Neuropsychopharmacology course series:
Neuropsychopharmacology textbook in one volume:
Neuropsychopharmacology
ISBN 9781311596178
Individual chapters of Neuropsychopharmacology textbook series:
Neuropsychopharmacology: An Introduction
ISBN 9781301482733
Scientific Methods
ISBN 9781301898688
Mind-Brain Connection
ISBN 9781301903405
Pharmacology: In Introduction
ISBN 9781301843534
Pharmacokinetics
ISBN 9781301010776
Dose-Response Curve
ISBN 9781301541812
Learning Mechanisms
ISBN 9781301729531
Cognitive Learning
ISBN 9781301966455
Experimental Methods in Neuropsychopharmacology
ISBN 9781301966455
Brain Imaging Techniques
ISBN 9781311863638
Nervous System
ISBN 9781301053025
Neuron
ISBN 9781301119646
Action Potential
ISBN 9781301115372
Synapse
ISBN 9781301374120
Reflex
ISBN 9781301991266
Neurotransmitter
ISBN 9781301268610
Neurotransmitter Pathways
ISBN 9781301696666
Cytoplasmic Release of Neurotransmitters
ISBN 9781311978615
Executive Functions
ISBN 9781301125968
ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ISBN 9781301318445
Schizophrenia
ISBN 9781301972692
Affective Disorders: Depression, Mania and Bipolar Disorder
ISBN 9781311988416
Anxiety Disorders
ISBN 9781311060419
*~*~*~*~*
Table of Contents
Cover Page
Preface
Scientific Methods
Objectives of Science
Logical Deduction and Induction
Scientific Process
Scientific Methodology
Hypothesis Testing
Experimental Methods
Theory Proving
Critical Thinking
Creative Thinking
Scientific Methods: Review
About the Author
Other Books Published by the Author
*~*~*~*~*
1.
Scientific Methods
Objectives
Understand the basic scientific principles
Understand the methodologies used in scientific inquiries
Understand the process in the discovery of truth in nature
Understand the process to prove and disprove a hypothesis
Apply the scientific process in discovering the principles of biology
Concepts to Learn
Logical deductions and inductions
Steps involved in a scientific process
Experimental process:
How to pose hypotheses
How to test hypotheses
How to arrive at logically consistent conclusions
When to refute a hypothesis
When to refine a hypothesis
Theoretical process:
How to pose conjectures
How to prove theories
Know the difference between conjectures, hypothesis and theories
How to find out nature’s truth
Self-consistence and self-contradictions in logical deductions
Critical thinking process
Creative thinking process
Science is about finding the truth in nature. It is about understanding nature with an objective approach so that the explanation is logically consistent. This allows us to arrive at the truth of nature without bias. Without using an objective approach in our reasoning process, the explanation of natural phenomena could be misleading due to our subjectivity in perception. This could lead to myths and misunderstandings. If these misunderstandings persist, then the false truth will misguide us to behave irrationally.
The scientific methodology is a systematic approach to apply the logical reasoning process such that it will ensure the conclusion made is valid and logically consistent rather than absurdity. If we follow the principles of science in our rational thinking, then the explanation of how nature works will be logical and objective, as well as verifiable by others. This process ensures the discovery and understanding of natural phenomena is explained in a logically consistent manner. In doing so, the truth of nature is revealed, and myths dispelled.
In this chapter, we will cover the basic principles of rational thinking in science. Logical reasoning is the basic thinking process that enables human to process information, and acquire knowledge. We will address the two basic approaches in logical thinking — using deductive logic and inductive logic. The former is a top-down approach while the latter is a bottom-up approach in the logical reasoning process. Neither one is better than the other intrinsically; they are merely different approaches.
This leads to the second characteristics in scientific inquiry, which is the application of alternate approaches and alternate explanations to address and investigate the same phenomenon without contradicting each other. In fact, it is the ability to use