Mosses and Liverworts of Rainforest in Tasmania and South-eastern Australia
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About this ebook
Mosses and liverworts inhabit a miniature world hidden in our rainforests and often go unnoticed. This book seeks to raise the reader's awareness of these plants and reveals their beauty in the book's many high quality colour photographs. A comprehensive introduction is provided along with specific notes on these plants.
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Mosses and Liverworts of Rainforest in Tasmania and South-eastern Australia - SJ Jarman
Mosses and liverworts
of rainforest in Tasmania
and south-eastern Australia
Mosses and liverworts
of rainforest in Tasmania
and south-eastern Australia
S.J. Jarman and B.A. Fuhrer
CSIRO Cataloguing-in-Publication Entry
Jarman, S.J.
Mosses and liverworts of rainforest in Tasmania and south-eastern Australia S.J. Jarman and B.A. Fuhrer.
Includes bibliographies and index.
ISBN 0 643 05685 8
1. Bryophytes – Australia – Identification. 2. Bryophytes – Tasmania – Identification. 3. Rainforest plants – Australia – Identification. 4. Rainforest plants – Tasmania – Identification. I. Fuhrer, B.A. (Bruce Alexander), 1930– II. Forestry Tasmania. III. National Rainforest Conservation Program (Australia) IV. CSIRO
588.0994
© CSIRO Australia and Forestry Tasmania, 1995
Available from:
CSIRO Publications
PO Box 89 (314 Albert Street)
East Melbourne
Victoria 3002, Australia
Tel: (03) 9418 7217 Int: (+61 3) 9418 7217
Fax: (03) 9419 0459 Int: (+61 3) 9419 0459
Editor: Marta Veroni
Designers: Jean Jarman and Linda Kemp
Production Manager: Jim Quinlan
Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1. A general introduction to bryophytes
Character and occurrence
Structure of the vegetative plant
Reproduction
Life cycle
Evolution
Classification
2. The Tasmanian bryophyte flora
Composition of the flora
Literature
3. Bryophytes in Tasmanian rainforest
Rainforest vegetation
The bryophyte flora of rainforest
The role of bryophytes in rainforest
4. Recognising bryophytes
Bryophytes versus other plant groups
Differences between mosses and liverworts
Mosses
Thallose liverworts
Leafy liverworts
Appendix
Bryophyte species in Tasmanian rainforest
Glossary
References
Index
Acknowledgements
We thank Ken Felton (Forestry Tasmania) and Gintaras Kantvilas (Tasmanian Herbarium) for their encouragement and interest in the book, and especially for their suggestions and helpful criticisms of the manuscript. Comments from George Scott (Melbourne), and Humphrey Elliott, Mick Brown and John Hickey (Forestry Tasmania) were also helpful. We appreciate the assistance of many bryologists who generously identified reference material used in other projects; without such help, the present work could not have been undertaken.
We thank Betty Duncan and Golda Isaac for permission to use photographs of selected ferns from their book Ferns and Allied Plants of Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. The background photograph of Tasmanian rainforest on the cover was kindly supplied by Dennis Harding (Hardings Studio, Hadspen).
The work was initiated by Gintaras Kantvilas (Tasmanian Herbarium) and John Hickey (Forestry Tasmania). Funding was provided by the National Rainforest Conservation Program (the Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra) and Forestry Tasmania. Publication of this book was assisted by the Minister for Education and the Arts through Arts Tasmania.
Introduction
Aim
Mosses and liverworts (bryophytes) are among the inhabitants of a miniature world hidden in our forests. Together with the lichens, they provide a cool, green backdrop for the larger forest plants, and though they are often admired collectively in this role, they mostly pass unnoticed as individuals. In this book, a range of species is illustrated showing the delicate shapes, subtle shades of green and intricate patterns which can be found in rainforest. We hope that the book will increase awareness of the beauty and diversity of these plants, and lead to a greater appreciation of our natural heritage.
The book is not intended to be a means of identifying species and it contains no scientific descriptions or identification keys. It is directed towards the non-specialist and its purpose is to provide a simple introduction to a beautiful but undeservedly forgotten flora.
Scope
The book focuses on the bryophytes of Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest but has a much wider application because of the nature of the species. Most are also found outside Tasmania, especially in the cooler forests and fern gullies of south-eastern Australia and/or in similar situations in New Zealand. In Tasmania, very few species are restricted to rainforest (although the bryophyte communities in which they occur may show such a restriction) and many can be found in other wet vegetation, including wet forests, scrub, buttongrass moorlands or alpine/subalpine heathlands and sedgelands. A few species found in rainforest also occur in the drier vegetation types.
Format
The book provides a brief general introduction to mosses and liverworts (chapter 1) followed by more specific notes on these plants in a Tasmanian context (chapter 2) and in Tasmanian rainforest (chapter 3). Chapter 4 deals with some of the more practical aspects of studying bryophytes. The illustrated section is divided into three parts in which mosses, thallose liverworts and leafy liverworts are treated in that order. Within these groups, the species are arranged alphabetically according to family, genus and species. One hundred and twenty species are illustrated, including 50 mosses (from 29 families), 13 thallose liverworts (6 families) and 57 leafy liverworts (16 families). A list of species recorded during recent studies in Tasmanian rainforest is appended after the photographic section and provides a context for the illustrated species. A glossary of terms is also included.
1
A general introduction to bryophytes
Character and occurrence
Bryophytes are the plants popularly known as mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Most are land plants but a few grow in freshwater and some occur in the spray zone in coastal areas, although none is marine. They are small plants; few species are longer than a metre and the smallest are almost microscopic. More often, species with erect stems vary from one to ten centimetres in height, with creeping and pendant species being somewhat larger. Because of their small size, they rarely dominate the landscape except in some bog communities. However, they can be very abundant and conspicuous and can account for a very high proportion of the species diversity in certain types of vegetation. They are