Right Use of Lime in Soil Improvement
By Alva Agee
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Right Use of Lime in Soil Improvement - Alva Agee
RIGHT USE OF LIME IN SOIL IMPROVEMENT
BY
ALVA AGEE
Secretary New Jersey State Department of Agriculture
Formerly director of agricultural extension
in the Pennsylvania State College and New Jersey State College of Agriculture.
Copyright © 2013 Read Books Ltd.
This book is copyright and may not be
reproduced or copied in any way without
the express permission of the publisher in writing
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Image262.JPGApplying Lime
Contents
RIGHT USE OF LIME IN SOIL IMPROVEMENT
Soil Science
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II
THE LIME IN SOILS
CHAPTER III
SOUR SOILS
CHAPTER IV
EVIDENCES OF ACIDITY
CHAPTER V
TESTS FOR ACIDITY
CHAPTER VI
SOURCES OF LIME
CHAPTER VII
DEFINITIONS
CHAPTER VIII
GROUND LIMESTONE
CHAPTER IX
STORING LIME IN THE SOIL
CHAPTER X
FRESH BURNED LIME
CHAPTER XI
BURNING LIME
CHAPTER XII
LIME HYDRATE
CHAPTER XIII
OTHER FORMS OF LIME
CHAPTER XIV
MAGNESIAN LIME
CHAPTER XV
WHAT SHALL ONE BUY?
CHAPTER XVI
METHODS OF APPLICATION
CHAPTER XVII
AMOUNT OF LIME PER ACRE
CHAPTER VIII
SPECIAL CROP DEMANDS
Soil Science
Soil science is the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils. Sometimes terms which refer to branches of soil science, such as pedology (formation, chemistry, morphology and classification of soil) and edaphology (influence of soil on organisms, especially plants), are used as if synonymous with soil science. The diversity of names associated with this discipline is related to the various associations concerned. Indeed, engineers, agronomists, chemists, geologists, physical geographers, ecologists, biologists, archaeologists, and specialists in regional planning, all contribute to further knowledge of soils and the advancement of the soil sciences.
Soil occupies the pedosphere, one of Earth’s spheres that the geosciences use to organize the Earth conceptually. ‘Pedology’ is the study of soil in its natural setting, whereas ‘Edaphology’ is the study of soil in relation to soil-dependent uses. Both branches apply a combination of soil physics, soil chemistry, and soil biology. Due to the numerous interactions between the biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere that are hosted within the pedosphere, more integrated, less soil-centric concepts are also valuable. Highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of the field, many concepts essential to understanding soil come from individuals not identifiable strictly as soil scientists.
Dependence on and curiosity about soil, exploring the diversity and dynamics of this resource continues to yield fresh discoveries and insights. New avenues of soil research are compelled by a need to understand soil in the context of climate change, greenhouse gases, and carbon sequestration. Interest in maintaining the planet’s biodiversity and in exploring past cultures (for instance, providing vast leaps in carbon dating) has also stimulated renewed interest in achieving a more refined understanding of soil. ‘Soil Science’ as a discipline did not emerge until the nineteenth century however, with the work of Vasily Dokuchaev – a Russian geologist and geographer. He has been credited with identifying soil as a resource whose distinctness and complexity deserved to be separated conceptually from geology and crop production and treated as a whole.
Previously, soil had been considered a product of chemical transformations of rocks, a dead substrate from which plants derive nutritious elements. Soil and bedrock were in fact equated. Dokuchaev considered the soil as a natural body having its own genesis and its own history of development, a body with complex and multiform processes taking place within it. Dokuchaev argued that soil should be called the ‘daily’ or outward horizons of rocks regardless of type; changed naturally by the common effect of water, air and various kinds of living and dead organisms. This led to the 1914 encyclopaedic definition of soil; ‘the different forms of earth on the surface of the rocks, formed by the breaking down or weathering of rocks.’ Today, a corollary concept to this observation is that our soil, without a living component, is simply a part of earth’s outer layer.
Further refinement of the soil concept is occurring in view of an appreciation of energy transport and transformation within soil. The term is popularly applied to the material on the surface of the Earth’s moon and Mars, a usage acceptable within a portion of the scientific community. Accurate to this modern understanding of soil is Nikiforoff’s 1959 definition of soil as the ‘excited skin of the sub aerial part of the earth’s crust.’ Academically, soil scientists tend to be drawn to one of five areas of specialization: microbiology, pedology, edaphology, physics or chemistry. Yet the work specifics are very much dictated by the challenges facing our civilization’s desire to sustain the land that supports it, and the distinctions between the sub-disciplines of soil science often blur in the process. One interesting effort drawing in soil scientists in the USA as of 2004 is the Soil Quality Initiative. Central to the Soil Quality Initiative is developing indices of soil health and then monitoring them in a way that gives us long term (decade-to-decade) feedback on our performance as stewards of the planet. The effort