The Campaigns Of Hannibal And Scipio: Searching For Congruency
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Major Michael R. Johnson
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The Campaigns Of Hannibal And Scipio - Major Michael R. Johnson
This edition is published by PICKLE PARTNERS PUBLISHING—www.picklepartnerspublishing.com
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Text originally published in 1997 under the same title.
© Pickle Partners Publishing 2014, all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without the written permission of the copyright holder.
Publisher’s Note
Although in most cases we have retained the Author’s original spelling and grammar to authentically reproduce the work of the Author and the original intent of such material, some additional notes and clarifications have been added for the modern reader’s benefit.
We have also made every effort to include all maps and illustrations of the original edition the limitations of formatting do not allow of including larger maps, we will upload as many of these maps as possible.
THE CAMPAIGNS OF HANNIBAL AND SCIPIO: SEARCHING FOR CONGRUENCY
by
Maj. Michael R. Johnson
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS 4
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 5
ABSTRACT 6
Chapter 1 — Introduction and Background 7
Significance of Problem 7
Preview of Argument 7
Contextual/Operational Elements 8
Congruency 8
Chapter 2 — History of the Rome/Carthage Conflict 9
Contextual Background of Carthage and Rome 9
Carthaginian Grand Strategy 11
Hannibal’s Campaign Strategy 12
Hannibal’s Tactics at Cannae 15
Roman Grand Strategy 16
Scipio’s Campaign Strategy 17
Scipio’s Tactics at Ilipa 19
The Conclusion of the 2nd Punic War—The Battle at Zama 20
Chapter 3 — Analysis and Implications 22
The Effects of Congruence on Rome’s Grand Strategy 22
Scipio’s Strategic Vision 22
The Effects of Incongruence on Carthage’s Grand Strategy 23
Hannibal’s Tactical Vision 23
Relevance to Modern Warfare and State Relations 23
Chapter 4 — Summary and Conclusions 25
The Reasons for Rome’s Success 25
Scipio—A Better Study in Military Leadership for Today’s Warfighter 26
Appendix A — Key Events of the Second Punic War 28
Bibliography 29
REQUEST FROM THE PUBLISHER 30
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I want to thank my Faculty Research Advisor, Major Mike Fiedler, for allowing me to indulge myself in a subject that truly interests me. He provided the inspiration that rekindled my interest in historical analysis. He has, as the saying goes, opened a can of worms this time. Fortunately for me, his love of history will keep him awake as he sifts through endless revisions of this paper looking for a pearl among the dross.
ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the Second Punic War using the Contextual and Operational Elements found in the Campaign Planning Model to determine how Rome and Carthage conducted the war, and whether they maintained congruency as each respective country pursued their national objective. It examines how they selected their grand strategy, and how that strategy was interpreted and executed at the operational and tactical levels. The model highlights flaws in Carthage’s formulation and application of its grand strategy which, combined with the lack of strategic insight at the operational level, kept them from satisfying their objectives. This paper also shows that Rome’s formulation and execution of its grand strategy, even with several interim changes in