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The Book of Beetles: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred of Nature's Gems
Azioni libro
Inizia a leggere- Editore:
- University of Chicago Press
- Pubblicato:
- Dec 17, 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226082899
- Formato:
- Libro
Descrizione
The Book of Beetles celebrates the beauty and diversity of this marvelous insect. Six hundred significant beetle species are covered, with each entry featuring a distribution map, basic biology, conservation status, and information on cultural and economic significance. Full-color photos show the beetles both at their actual size and enlarged to show details, such as the sextet of spots that distinguish the six-spotted tiger beetle or the jagged ridges of the giant-jawed sawyer beetle. Based in the most up-to-date science and accessibly written, the descriptive text will appeal to researchers and armchair coleopterists alike.
The humble beetle continues to grow in popularity, taking center stage in biodiversity studies, sustainable agriculture programs, and even the dining rooms of adventurous and eco-conscious chefs. The Book of Beetles is certain to become the authoritative reference on these remarkably adaptable and beautiful creatures.
Informazioni sul libro
The Book of Beetles: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred of Nature's Gems
Descrizione
The Book of Beetles celebrates the beauty and diversity of this marvelous insect. Six hundred significant beetle species are covered, with each entry featuring a distribution map, basic biology, conservation status, and information on cultural and economic significance. Full-color photos show the beetles both at their actual size and enlarged to show details, such as the sextet of spots that distinguish the six-spotted tiger beetle or the jagged ridges of the giant-jawed sawyer beetle. Based in the most up-to-date science and accessibly written, the descriptive text will appeal to researchers and armchair coleopterists alike.
The humble beetle continues to grow in popularity, taking center stage in biodiversity studies, sustainable agriculture programs, and even the dining rooms of adventurous and eco-conscious chefs. The Book of Beetles is certain to become the authoritative reference on these remarkably adaptable and beautiful creatures.
- Editore:
- University of Chicago Press
- Pubblicato:
- Dec 17, 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226082899
- Formato:
- Libro
Informazioni sull'autore
Correlati a The Book of Beetles
Anteprima del libro
The Book of Beetles - Patrice Bouchard
computers.
THE BEETLES
ARCHOSTEMATA
The suborder Archostemata includes beetles of medium size, ranging from 3 /16 to 1 in (5–25 mm), with the exception of two species in the genera Micromalthus and Crowsoniella, which are only approximately 1 /16 in (1.5 mm) in length. Most Archostemata differ from all other beetles in having a well-developed, visible hind trochantin (near the hind coxa), although exceptions occur. These beetles typically have scales covering their body and, except in the two small species, the elytra are generally incompletely sclerotized.
Approximately 40 extant species of Archostemata have been described to date from North and South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Africa. They are included in the families Crowsoniellidae (one species), Cupedidae (about 30 species), Micromalthidae (one species), Ommatidae (six species), and Jurodidae (one species). Despite intensive searches, some of these species remain exceedingly rarely encountered in nature (for example, Crowsoniella relicta is known only from three individuals and Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae from a single individual); we hope this book will stimulate the discovery of additional specimens.
The development of Archostemata beetles is poorly understood; larvae of most species are unknown. All known larvae, which are usually elongate and parallel-sided, are associated with fungus-infested wood.
CROWSONIELLA RELICTA
CROWSONIELLA RELICTA
PACE, 1975
ADULT LENGTH 1 /32–2 /32 in (1.4–1.6 mm)
Based on the fossil record, the archaic suborder Archostemata was apparently more successful than other groups of beetles in the first half of the Mesozoic, although its diversity subsequently dropped dramatically as it became extinct in Europe (with the exception of Crowsoniella relicta). This species is known from only three male specimens collected by washing calcareous soil around the base of an old chestnut tree in the Lepini Mountains of Lazio in central Italy. Although several coleopterists have tried repeatedly, it has been impossible to locate additional individuals at or near the original locality. The modified and reduced mouthparts of C. relicta suggest that adults can feed only on liquids or do not feed at all.
RELATED SPECIES
Although some taxonomists have suggested that the species belongs to the suborder Polyphaga, most recent studies indicate that it is probably closely related to members of Archostemata, which also include the extant families Cupedidae (31 species), Micromalthidae (one species), Ommatidae (six species), and Jurodidae (one species). The smooth elytra of Crowsoniella relicta differ from the elytra of typical archostematan beetles, which have window punctures.
Crowsoniella relicta is a small, elongate, shiny, smooth, reddish-brown to dark brown wingless beetle. The antenna is seven-segmented with the last segment clavate. The eyes are composed of a small number of ommatidia and the mandibles are atrophied. The prothorax has distinct antennal cavities on each anterior dorsolateral corner, and the meso- and metathorax and first abdominal segment are fused. The larvae are unknown.
PRIACMA SERRATA
PRIACMA SERRATA
(LECONTE, 1861)
ADULT LENGTH ⅜–⅞ in (10–22 mm)
Priacma serrata is an uncommonly encountered species that can be locally abundant in late spring and summer. Adults are sometimes found on dead White Fir branches, in old logs and stumps, or flying during the afternoon near fungal-infested logs that are likely home to the developing larvae. Males are strongly attracted to laundry soap containing bleach, and are sometimes attracted in large numbers to laundry hung out of doors, which apparently mimics the pheromone of the female. In captivity, females lay more than 1,000 eggs each.
RELATED SPECIES
Priacma serrata is the only species in the genus, and is restricted to western North America. Priacma is distinguished from the three other extant genera of cupedid beetles (Cupes, Prolixocupes, and Tenomerga) in the region by having antennae that are barely half as long as the body and the lack of tarsal grooves underneath the prothorax.
Priacma serrata is elongate, somewhat convex, parallel-sided, clothed in scales, and reddish brown with variegated gray and black scales. The head has small, bulging eyes, four distinct tubercles on top, and antennae that are scarcely half the length of the entire body. The prothorax has sharp angles in front that project forward; underneath lacks grooves for receiving the tarsi.
CUPES CAPITATUS
CUPES CAPITATUS
FABRICIUS, 1801
ADULT LENGTH ¼–7 /16 in (7–11 mm)
Adults of Cupes capitatus are active in late spring and summer, and are found under bark, on bare trunks of standing dead oaks (Quercus), or are attracted to light in wooded habitats. Nothing has been published on larval stages, but they probably bore and develop in firm, fungal-infested wood. The family Cupedidae consists of 31 species in nine genera that are relictual members of a once more diverse lineage of beetles with a fossil record dating back to the Triassic period. The extant species are found in nearly every biogeographical region, but are extinct in Europe.
RELATED SPECIES
Cupes capitatus is the only species in the genus and is restricted to eastern North America. Cupes is distinguished from the three other extant genera of cupedids (Priacma, Prolixocupes, and Tenomerga) in the region by having antennae that are longer than half the length of the body and tarsal grooves underneath the prothorax that are separated in front by a pair of low ridges.
Cupes capitatus is elongate, flat, parallel-sided, clothed in scales, and is grayish black with a reddish or golden head. The head has bulging eyes, four distinct tubercles on top, and long, slender antennae that extend beyond half the body length. The prothorax has distinct grooves underneath to receive the tarsi.
DISTOCUPES VARIANS
DISTOCUPES VARIANS
(LEA, 1902)
ADULT LENGTH⅜–9 /16 in (10–15 mm)
Distocupes varians is one of only five of the 31 species of cupedids from around the world for which the larvae are known. The larvae are long, slender, and soft bodied, and are reported to feed and pupate in structural timbers infested with fungi. The adults have been found at lights. Of the four original specimens that Arthur Lea used to describe this species, only one was actually D. varians; the remaining three turned out to be two undescribed species, now both in the genus Adinolepis.
RELATED SPECIES
The Australian cupedid fauna consists of six species in two genera, Adinolepis and Distocupes. Distocupes is most easily distinguished from Adinolepis by the presence of two pairs of long conical, and forward-projecting tubercles located at the base of the antennae and above the eyes. Distocupes contains a single species, D. varians.
Distocupes varians has a head wider than long with two pairs of conical tubercles above the eyes. The pronotum is wider than long, each front angle with two teeth; the underside has moderately deep grooves for receiving the front tarsi. The elytra have large, deep, somewhat squarish windowlike punctures that are lined across the bottom with a thin translucent cuticle.
RHIPSIDEIGMA RAFFRAYI
RHIPSIDEIGMA RAFFRAYI
(FAIRMAIRE, 1884)
ADULT LENGTH 11 /16–⅞ in (18–23 mm)
Very little is known about the habits or biology of species of the Cupedidae. Adult and larval Rhipsideigma raffrayi are found together in dark, decaying logs. The pale and blind larva is one of only five species known in the entire family. The cylindrical larva has strong mandibles, a wedge-shaped head, and short, weakly developed legs that are adapted for boring through soft, decaying wood. Their exact diet remains unknown, but they probably feed on decaying wood infested with fungi and other microorganisms, as do other cupedid larvae.
RELATED SPECIES
Six species of Cupedidae occur in the Afrotropical realm in the genera Tenomerga and Rhipsideigma. The elytra of Rhipsideigma are densely covered with scales and have tips extended into a point. Of the five species of Rhipsideigma, one is known only from Tanzania, while the other four are restricted to Madagascar. Rhipsideigma raffrayi is distinguished by the extensive pattern of creamy-white scales on the sides of the pronotum and elytra.
Rhipsideigma raffrayi is elongate, parallel-sided, and flattened. The head has four tubercles, the pair in the rear covered with brown scales. The prothorax has broadly pale sides above and grooves to receive the front tarsi, separated in front by a single ridge underneath. The elytra have dense scales that obscure the surface and create a pattern of light and dark patches.
MICROMALTHUS DEBILIS
TELEPHONE-POLE BEETLE
LECONTE, 1878
ADULT LENGTH 1 /32–⅛ in (1–3 mm)
Telephone-pole Beetles emerge briefly to mate and locate new breeding sites. The larvae develop in logs and stumps in the advanced stages of red-rotten decay. They will attack rotting telephone poles and structural timbers, but are not pests. The highly mobile caraboid larvae may either develop into cerambycoid larva that give birth to more caraboid larvae or develop into adult females, or lay eggs that hatch into curculionoid larvae that develop into adult males. The ability to reproduce asexually as larvae and sexually as adults enables them to multiply quickly and exploit patchy and ephemeral resources.
RELATED SPECIES
Micromalthus debilis is the sole species in the family Micromalthidae and is distinguished from other Archostemata families (Crowsonellidae, Cupedidae, Ommatidae, and Jurodidae) by its bead-like antennomeres, short elytra, and smooth, shiny surface that lacks scales. A second undescribed species, known only from a larva, may occur in China.
The Telephone-pole Beetle is small, flat, and shiny brown to black with yellowish antennae and legs. The head is wider than the pronotum and bears antennae, each with 11 short, bead-like antennomeres. The prothorax is widest in front and lacks keeled margins or grooves underneath. The elytra are short, exposing part of five abdominal segments.
OMMA STANLEYI
OMMA STANLEYI
NEWMAN, 1839
ADULT LENGTH ½–1 in (13–25 mm)
Omma stanleyi is the largest and possibly the most primitive
species in the genus. The larvae remain unknown, but adults have been collected beneath loose bark on recently dead eucalypt logs. There are three additional species of Omma living in Australia, all of which are rarely encountered. At least ten additional fossil species of Omma have been described from the lower Jurassic of England, Upper Jurassic of Central Asia and Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous of Siberia and Mongolia. The study of ommids and other Archostemata beetles is helping scientists to understand beetle evolution and their relationships with other insect groups.
RELATED SPECIES
The Ommatidae consists of six living species in two genera. Tetraphalerus occurs in southern South America, while Omma is restricted to Australia. Omma stanleyi is distinguished by its abruptly narrowed head behind the eyes and the sparse covering of slender, yellowish-brown setae. Omma mastersi and O. sagitta may be part of a mimicry ring that includes a mutillid wasp and a checkered beetle.
Omma stanleyi is elongate, moderately flattened, dull brownish black, and clothed with thick, recumbent, and yellowish-brown setae. The head has small teeth in front, lacks microtubercles on top, and is abruptly narrowed behind the eyes to form a neck. The pronotum and elytra are roughly sculptured with small tubercles. The thorax lacks grooves underneath to receive legs. The flight wings are well developed in both sexes.
SIKHOTEALINIA ZHILTZOVAE
SIKHOTEALINIA ZHILTZOVAE
LAFER, 1996
ADULT LENGTH ¼ in (6 mm)
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