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    Clinical Ophthalmology for Undergraduates by Shahzad Waseem
    Clinical Ophthalmology for Undergraduates by Shahzad Waseem
    Clinical Ophthalmology for Undergraduates by Shahzad Waseem
    Ebook140 pages19 minutes

    Clinical Ophthalmology for Undergraduates by Shahzad Waseem

    By Dr. Shahzad Waseem

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    About this ebook

    By my reading experience, my teaching experience and feedback from students I decided to write a book on clinical ophthalmology for undergraduates living in Pakistan and may be for other countries. My objective in this book is that when a student passes ophthalmology examination, he should be able to diagnose the important and common eye diseases and he should be able to know when to refer the patient to the ophthalmologist.
    From student's point of view, I have tried to make this book as simple as I could. I have intentionally not added certain topics , which, in my opinion will not help them either in the patient's management nor in the examination for universities abroad.
    I feel this book should be enough for students to pass ophthalmology with good marks. For students who need more knowledge should consult the reference books.
    . As it is published outside Pakistan, it can only be purchased by downloading.. It can also be imported in print form on demand from the publishers.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherDr. Shahzad Waseem
    Release dateJun 7, 2013
    ISBN9781301863518
    Clinical Ophthalmology for Undergraduates by Shahzad Waseem
    Author

    Dr. Shahzad Waseem

    I am an eye surgeon by profession living in Pakistan. I am interested and reading and writing books. I have written book on ophthalmology (eye) and philosophy, metaphysics

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      Book preview

      Clinical Ophthalmology for Undergraduates by Shahzad Waseem - Dr. Shahzad Waseem

      Clinical Ophthalmology for Undergraduates 

      My name is Dr. Shahzad Waseem and I am practicing eye surgeon. I am fully 

      involved in under-graduate teaching, both in the conventional and new integrated modular system. By

      my reading experience, my teaching experience and feedback from students I decided to write a book 

      on clinical ophthalmology for undergraduates living in Pakistan and may be for other countries. My 

      objective in this book is that when a student passes ophthalmology examination, he should be able to 

      diagnose the important and common eye diseases and he should be able to know when to refer the 

      patient to the ophthalmologist.

      From student’s point of view, I have tried to make this book as simple as I could. I have intentionally not 

      added certain topics , which, in my opinion will not help them either in the patient’s management nor in

      the examination for universities abroad.

      I feel this book should be enough for students to pass ophthalmology with good marks. For students 

      who need more knowledge should consult the reference books.

      This book has primarily been written as an e-book for tablets and smart phones,  because I want to make

      it an interactive book so that anyone who wants to contact me can do. My intention is to continually 

      improve it. As it is published outside Pakistan, it can only be purchased by downloading. My email

      address is : 

      Dedicated to medical students.

      Dr. Shahzad waseem (FCPS) Pakistan

      www.waseemeyeclinic.com

      OPTICS AND

      REFRACTIVE ERRORS

      •

      Optics is a branch of physics which deals with light rays.

      Behavior of light

      When light meets an interface separating two media it may:

       Reflect

       Refract; or

       Absorbed

      Spherical Lenses

      Concave lenses >

      Diverge light

      Convex lenses   > 

      Converge light

      Eye acts like a camera

      Eye

      Camera

      Cornea / lens

      Lenses

      Pupil

      Aperture

      Retina

      Film

      Emmetropia:

      Parallel rays of light from infinity ( 6m ) fall on the retina and form a sharp image when eye is in 

      resting state without accomodation 

      Ammetropia and its types:

       Myopia

       Hypermetropia 

       Astigmatism 

      Myopia:Short-Sightedness

      The light rays are focused in front of the retina.

      Causes:

       A

        xial:  Length of eye is increased

       Cur

      vature:  Corneal surface is steep

       I ndex:  Refractive index is increased

      Myopia can be

       Simple

       Pathological

       Simple myopia:A non-progressive disease in which refractive error is less than - 6 diopters 

      and minimal posterior segment changes. It becomes usually static by the age of 21 years

      Pathological myopia:A progressive disease in which eye becomes abnormally long and 

      myopia is more than - 6 diopters. There are significant posterior segment changes.

      Features:

       Refractive error my reach up to – 30 diopters 

       Degenerative changes in choroid and retina

       Tesselated fundus with visible underlying choroid or even sclera

      Figure 1. Normal fundus

      Figure 2. Myopic degenerative fundus

      Treatment of myopia

       Glasses (Concave lenses)

       Contact lenses

       Surgical treatment: Radial keratotomy

       Laser treatment: Excimer laser, LASIK

      Hypermetropia

      The rays of light are focused  behind  the retina.

      Causes:

       A

        xial  The length of the eye is short

        Curvature; The curvature of the cornea is flat.

       Index: Change in the refractive index

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