TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

(Group Presentation)

Presented by :Mrinalini Koul Sonam Dubey Jatin Gupta Shivita Bhat Pratima Sharma Saachi

TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
o

It refers to a method of analyzing and understanding interpersonal behavior. It was developed by Canadian born US Psychiatrist Eric Berne during the late 1950s.

TA OUTLINE

According to International Transactional Analysis Association TA is a theory of personality and a systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and personal change. As a theory of personality, TA describes how people are structured psychologically. It uses what is perhaps its best known model, the ego-state (Parent-AdultChild) model to do this. This same model explain how people function and express their personality and their behavior.

LEVELS OF SELF AWARENESS

It describes the self in terms of image, both conscious and unconscious. Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham have developed a diagram that gives to look at what one is conscious in ones social exchanges and what one is not. The diagram looks like this:-

Information known to self Information known to others

Information not known to self

1 open

2 BLIND
4 UNKNOWN

Informatio n not known to others

3 Hidde n

JOHARI WINDOW

1)

The Open Self :- The open quadrant refers to states about

an individual such as behaviors, feelings, and motives. Sometimes an individual is straightforward, open, and sharing.

2)

The Blind Self :- The blind quadrant refers to states about

an individual known to others but not known to him. Jongeward and Seyer observe that subtle bars to our personal effectiveness are often our blind quadrant(how we talk and stand that we are not aware of but others are aware of it). The Hidden Self :- It refers to states about the individual known to him but not known to others.

3)

4)

The Unknown Self :- It refers to states that neither the

individual nor other people know about him.

EGO STATES
People interact with each other in terms of three psychological positions, or behavioral patterns, known as eco states. These eco states are: parent, adult and child. A person of any age may have these ego states in varying degrees. They are based on real world behavior.

PARENT EGO

Parent ego state incorporates the attitudes and behavior of all emotionally significant people who serve as parent figure. The value and behavior of these people are recorded in the mind of the individual and become the basic values of the personality. Characteristics of a person acting with the parent ego include being over protected, distant, dogmatic and upright. Physical and verbal clues that someone interacting with the parent ego includes the wagging finger to show displeasure, reference to laws and rules.

ADULT EGO

Adult ego state is based upon reasoning, seeking and providing information. Person interacting with adult ego views people are equal, worthy and reasonable human being. It is based on rationality. The adult is characterized by logical thinking and reasoning. This ego state can be indentified by verbal and physical signs which include thoughtful concentration and factual discussion. An individual at the later stage of life may block his child and parent ego states and use his adult ego only based on his experiences.

CHILD EGO
Characteristics of child ego include creativity, conformity, dependence fear and hate. Physical and verbal clues that person is acting in the child ego are silent compliance, attention seeking, giggling and coyness. The child ego is characterised by non-logical and immediate action which resulting in immediate satisfaction. Child ego state reflects early childhood conditions and experiences perceived by individual in their early years of life. The child has no self- directions, no ability to move out to face life. He takes what comes in his way. Child ego has three parts: natural, adaptive and rebellious.

LIFE POSITIONS

The individuals behaviour towards others are largely based on specific assumptions that are made early in life. Very early in the childhood, a person develops from experience a dominant philosophy. Such philosophy is tied into his identity, sense of worth, and perceptions of other people. Such philosophies remains with the person for lifetime unless major experiences occur to change it.

LIFE POSITIONS FALL INTO FOUR CATEGORIES

1.

I am O.K. you are O.K.

2.
3. 4.

I am O.K. you are not O.K.

I am not O.K. you are O.K.

I am not O.K. you are not O.K.

1.

I am O.K. you are O.K. :- This position is

taken by the individual after the individual has a large no. of O.K. experiences with others. Based on Adult Ego Rational Solve problems constructively Positive approach towards life Feel that life is worth living Highly flexible Have more Confidence Display higher level of mutual give and take. They delegate authority

2. I am O.K. you are not O.K. :- This position is taken

by people who feel victimized and blame other for their miseries. Whatever they do is right Generally people with rebellion child ego Always try to find flaws and bad things Dont trust intelligence, skills and talent of others Dont want decentralization, feel that as a threat Dont able to delegate the authorities properly Have slightly negative approach Have over confident kind of nature Always try to take credit

3. I am not O.K. you are O.K. :-

This position is common to persons who feel powerlessness in comparison to others. Based on ones feeling about oneself Always grumble for one thing or the other Have confused state of mind Never satisfied with the ongoing procedures Cant take responsibilities up to a great extent Cant take risky decisions Cant delegate the authority Lack in self confidence

4. I am not O.K. you are not O.K. :- This position is

taken by people who loose interest in living. Its a desperate life position Feel that life is not worthy living at all In extreme cases, they often commit suicide They do not make decisions in time Make stupid mistakes Provoke others to give them negative reactions Lack in self confidence Look to others for final decisions Delegate authorities inappropriately Highly negative approach towards life

CONCLUSION

One of these positions dominates each persons life. The desirable position is one that provides an adult-adult transaction, that is, I am O.K. you are O.K. This position can be learned through education, understanding, positive and mature psychological experiences. The other three positions are less psychologically mature and less effective.

TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
Depending on the ego states of the persons involved in transactions, there may be three types of transactions:
Complementary Crossed Ulterior

Transactions

Transactions Transactions

COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS

When a transaction gets the expected response from a specific ego state in the other person. In these transactions stimulus and response patterns from one ego states to another are parallel.

NINE COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Adult-Adult Transactions ( This is an ideal transaction). Adult-Parent Transactions. Adult-child Transactions. Parent-Parent Transactions. Parent-Adult Transactions. Parent-Child transactions. Child-Parent Transactions. Child-Adult Transactions. Child-Child Transactions.

ADULT-ADULT TRANSACTION
P P

S R

ADULT-PARENT TRANSACTION
P
S R

ADULT-CHILD TRANSACTION
P P A
S R

PARENT-PARENT TRANSACTION
P
S

P
R

PARENT-ADULT TRANSACTION
P P
S
R

PARENT-CHILD TRANSACTION
P
S

CHILD-PARENT TRANSACTION
P P

A
R

CHILD-ADULT TRANSACTION
P A
S R

CHILD-CHILD TRANSACTION
P A P

A
S R

NON COMPLIMENTARY TRANSCATIONS

Non complimentary or crossed transactions may occur when stimulus response lines are not parallel. This happens when the person who initiate transaction expecting a certain response does not get it. The position has been shown in fig

In this case the manager tries to deal with the employee on adult to adult basis but the employee responds on child to parent basis and the communication is blocked. Cross transaction is not satisfactory one because the line of communication is blocked and further transactions does not take place. In such a case manager might refused to play parent child game and may try again for an adult communication.

ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS

Ulterior transactions are the most complex because the communication has double meaning. When ulterior message is send, it is often disguised in a socially acceptable way. On the surface level, the communication has the clear adult message, where as it carry a hidden massage and the psychological level.

PSYCHOLOGICAL GAMES

When people fail to get enough strokes at work they may try a variety of things. One the most important thing is that they play psychological games. o A Psychological game is a set of transaction with three characteristics : o The transactions tends to be repeated. o They make sense on superficial or social level. o One or more of the transaction is ulterior.
o

PSYCHOLOGICAL GAMES
Psychological roles:Persecutor Rescuer

Victim

BENEFITS OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

Developing positive Thinking. Interpersonal Effectiveness. Motivation. Organisation Development.

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