Oda000015 Mpls Basic Knowledge Issue2.0

ODA000015 MPLS Basic Knowledge
ISSUE 2.0
Fixed Network Curriculum Development Section
Course Contents
Chapter 1 MPLS Overview
Chapter 2 Label and Label Stack
Chapter 3 Label Forwarding and Allocation
Chapter 4 LDP and Configuration
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Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading without Permission. Security Level: Internal
MPLS
MPLSMulti-Protocol Label Switching

Multi-Protocol
Support multiple Layer-3 protocols, such as IP, IPv6, IPX, SNA Label Switching Label packets, and replace IP forwarding with label switching
3
Origin: To Integrate IP with ATM
IP
Connectionless control plane
MPLS
Connectionless control plane
ATM
Connection-oriented control plane Connection-oriented forwarding plane
Connectionless forwarding plane
Connection-oriented forwarding plane
4
Connection-oriented Features
S2 1 S1 S3 2 S4 2 S7 S5 2 S4 S7 1 S6 1 S8 S1 S3 VC S5 S8 S2 S6
Connectionless: packet route Path 1 = S1, S2, S6, S8
connection-oriented: cell switching VC = S1, S4, S7, S8 The data reach their destination in order along the same connection Fixed time delay, easy to control Connection types: PVC SVC
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Path 2 = S1, S4, S7, S8

The data reach their destination out of order along different paths
Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading without Permission.
Security Level: Internal
Traditional IP Forwarding
Parse IP header mapped to next hop Parse IP header mapped to next hop Parse IP header mapped to next hop
IP header is parse at each hop, resulting in low efficiency. It is hard to deploy QoS and the efficiency is rather low. All routers are expected to know all routes in the entire network.
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ATM Switching Process

Virtual Channel Connection (VCC) Virtual Path Connection(VPC)
UNI UNI NNI VC switching VP switching NNI VC switching
VPI = 1 VCI = 1
VPI = 2 VCI = 44
VPI = 26 VCI = 44
VPI = 20 VCI = 30
Connection-oriented, N2 problem Routing depending on link layer, based on VPI/VCI or label Ensure QoS and real-time service
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Technology Combining the Advantages of ATM and IP
R
Router
X
ATM switch
X
MPLS Router
Layer 3 routing scalable and flexible
Layer 2 switching High reliability and traffic engineering

management
MPLSmulti-protocol label switching

Basic Working Process of MPLS
Core LSR
Edge LSR Edge LSR
IP
IP
L1
IP
L2
IP
L3
IP
Traditional IP forwarding
Label forwarding
Traditional IP forwarding
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Basic MPLS Concepts

LER IP
MPLS domain
LSR LER
LER
LSR
LSP
MPLS
LSR LER
LSR: Label Switch Router LER: Label Edge Router LSP: Label Switch Path
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MPLS Advantages
Replace IP header with short and fixed-length labels as
forwarding basis to improve forwarding speed

Better integrate IP with ATM better Provide value-added service without prejudice to efficiency:

VPN Traffic engineering QOS
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Course Contents
12
MPLS Encapsulation Format and Label

0 Label 20 23 24 TTL 31 32 bits
EXP S
Layer 2 header
MPLS header IP header
Data
Two types of MPLS encapsulation for ATM and FR:

shim encapsulation: similar to other link layers Cell mode: VC (VPI/VCI for ATM, DLCI for FR) is directly
used as the label

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Label Position in Packet

Ethernet /SONET /SDH packet
Ethernet header /PPP header
Label
Layer-3 data
Frame mode ATM packet
ATM header
Label
Layer-3 data
Cell mode ATM packet
VPI/VCI
Layer-3 data
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MPLS TTL Processing

Regard the entire MPLS domain as one hop
IP TTL -MPLS TTL255
MPLS TTL -IP TTL --
Ingress LER
LSR
Egress LER
Include MPLS TTL in IP TTL

IP TTL -MPLS TTLIP TTL MPLS TTL -IP TTLMPLS TTL
MPLS TTL --
Ingress LER
LSR
Egress LER
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Label Stack
Layer2 header
MPLS header
MPLS header
IP header
Data
Theoretically, label stack enables limitless nesting to provide infinite service support. This is simply the greatest advantage of MPLS technology.
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Course Contents
17
Basic Concepts of Label Forwarding

FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class): Import the packets with identical characteristics into the same LSP
NHLFE (Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry): Describe label operations

next hop label operation types: push/pop/swap/null Link layer encapsulation types
FTN (FEC to NHLFE): Map FEC to NHLFE

ILM (Incoming Label Map): Map MPLS label to NHLFE
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Label Forwarding
label operation: pop
Label operation: push Label operation: swap Parse IP header FEC bound with LSP FTN->NHLFE ILM->NHLFE Label operation: swap ILM->NHLFE ILM->NHLFE Parse IP header distribute FEC mapped to next hop
A
Ingress LER
B
LSR
C
LSR
D
Egress LER
The traditional routing protocol and Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) serve to create routing table and label mapping table (FEC-Label mapping) in each LSR for FECs with service requirement, i.e. create LSP successfully.
Ingress LER receives a packet, determines the FEC that the packet belongs to, and label the packet In MPLS domain, packets are forwarded in accordance with labels and label forwarding table via the forwarding unit
Egress LER removes the label and continues forwarding the packet
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NHLFE
A:
NHLFE FEC 10.0.1.0/24 next hop B
Transmitting interface
E1
Label operation Others Add label L1
B,C:
Ingress label L1 NHLFE Next hop C
label operation
Remove the previous label and add L2
Others
E1
D:
Ingress label NHLFE Next hop
Label operation
Others
L2
Remove label
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Pop at Last Hop But One (PHP)

Label operation: push Label operation: swap Parse IP header FEC bound with LSP FTN->NHLFE Label operation: pop Parse IP header Distribute FEC Mapped to next hop
ILM->NHLFE
ILM->NHLFE
Ingress LER
LSR
LSR
Egress LER
The label at the outmost layer does not make any sense to the last hop. Thus, it is advisable to pop the label at the last hop but one to ease the burden of the last hop.
If there is only one layer of label, the last hop will perform IP forwarding directly; otherwise, it will perform the internal label forwarding.
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Creating LSP
LSP drive modes:

Driven by stream: incoming packets drive LSP creation Driven by topology: topology information (route) drives LSP creation
Driven by application: application (like QoS) drives LSP creation
Signaling protocol is used to distribute labels between LSRs and establish LSP:

LDP: Label Distribution Protocol

CR-LDP: Constrained Route LDP RSVP-TE MP-BGP PIM
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Several Issues Concerning Label Distribution
Label allocation mode

DoD : downstream-on-demand
DU: downstream unsolicited
Label control mode

Ordered Independent
Label hold mode
Conservative retention mode : upon receiving a label, if there is no route destined for the corresponding FEC, hold the label for later use
Liberal mode: upon receiving a label, if there is no route
destined for corresponding FEC, discard the label

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Label Allocation Mode: DoD
Route triggering
171.68.40/24
Label 18 is 171.68.10/24 allocated to 171.68.10/2418
171.68.10/24 Label 20 is allocated 20 to 171.68.10/24
171.68.10/24
Upstream
LSR1
LSR2
LSR3 Downstream
Requesting labels destined for 171.68.10/24
Requesting labels destined for 171.68.10/24 171.68.10/24
The upstream LSR sends a label request (containing FEC description information) to the downstream LSR. The downstream LSR allocates a label to this FEC and feeds back the bound label to the upstream LSR via the label mapping message.
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Label Allocation Mode: DU

Route triggering Upstream
171.68.40/24
171.68.10/24 Label 18 can be used to reach 171.68.10/24 18 171.68.10/24 Label 20 can be used to reach 171.68.10/24 20
Downstream
171.68.10/24
Once the LDP session is set up successfully, the downstream LSR will initiatively advertise the label mapping message to its upstream LSR. The upstream router will save the label in the label mapping table.
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Label Control Mode: Ordered
Upstream
Downstream
Not until it receives a label mapping message from its downstream LSP will it send the message upstream
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Label Control Mode: Independent
Upstream
Downstream
Whether it receives a label mapping message from its downstream LSR, it will send upstream a label mapping message immediately.
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Label Retention: Conservative Retention Mode
An LSR stores only the labels received from next-hop
LSRs; all other labels are ignored.
mapping label 30 LSR1 LSR2 mapping label 16 LSR3
mapping label 20 172.16.2/24

LSR4
mapping label 17
Drop
LSR5
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Label Retention: Liberal Retention Mode
Every LSR stores the received label in its LIB, even when the
label is not received from a next-hop LSR.
mapping label 30 LSR1 LSR2 mapping label 16
mapping label 20
172.16.2/24 LSR3
mapping label 17
LSR4
store
LSR5
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Common Collocation 1: DoD + Ordered + Liberal
Upstream
Downstream
It is relatively easy to control the use of labels and the creation of LSPs
ATM/FR frame mode can only use DoD
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Common Collocation 2: DU + Ordered + Conservative
Upstream
Downstream
A waste of label resources Useless LSPs would be created Label merge is required at branches LSPs can be set up quickly and reliably
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Label Forwarding Table

IN interface
Serial0 Serial1 Serial1 Serial1
IN label
50 51 62 52
Prefix/MASK
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 70.1.2.0/24 20.1.2.0/24
OUT interface (next hop) OUT label

Eth03.3.3.3 Eth03.3.3.3 Eth03.3.3.3 Eth14.4.4.4 80 80 52 52
Serial2
77
30.1.2.0/24
Serial35.5.5.5)
3pop
The in and out is correspond to the label swapnot the label distribution.
The in label is that I distribute to the others, I will not put it to the packet
The out label is the others distribute to me, I will put it to
the packet
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LSP Loop Detection
Path looping shall be avoided even in setting up
LSP within the MPLS domain.
LSP path looping can be avoided in two ways:

Maximum hop number; Path vector
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Course Contents
34
Basic Concepts of LDP
LDP is a MPLS control and signaling protocol
Main functions:

Release Label-FEC mapping Create and maintain label switching path
LDP serves to distribute and maintain label mapping messages between peers in the form of message.
LDP uses the TCP transmission service.
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LDP Message Types
Discovery message: Used to discover LDP adjacencies in the network
Session message: Used to set up, maintain and

terminate a session between LDP peers
Distribution message: Used to create, change and
delete label mappings related to FEC
Notification message: Used to provide recommendation or error notification information
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LDP Message Switching
UDP-Hello
Discovery stage
UDP-Hello
TCP connection establishment
Session creation and maintenance

Session initialization Label request
LSP creation and maintenance
FEC
Label Label mapping

37
Basic MPLS Configurations (1)
Designate ID for LSR

It is necessary to configure the LSR with an ID before configuring other MPLS commands. The ID is generally in the format of IP address, and shall be unique within the domain. mpls lsr-id X.X.X.X Note: make configurations in the system view.
Activate/deactivate the LDP or enter the LDP view

To configure LDP, first activate the LDP and enter the LDP view mpls ldp Note: make configurations in the system view
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Basic MPLS Configurations (2)
Enable interface LDP mpls ldp enable

Note: make configurations in the interface view
LDP loop detection control
Enable loop detection Loop-detect
Set the maximum hot number for loop detection hops-count hop-number
Set the maximum value for the path vector ath-vectors pv-number
Note: make configurations in the LDP view

39
MPLS Debugging
MPLS display commands
Display information about LDP and LSR

display mpls ldp
Display information about LDP-enabled interface display mpls ldp interface
Display information about all LSPs established in the public network display mpls lsp
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Configuration Example
Suppose a network consists of four NE routers, where Router B is connected to Router C via SDH, while Router B is connected to Router A and Router D via Ethernet.
The four routers all support MPLS. LSP can be set up between any two routers. The operational routing protocol is OSPF
Router B Router A ethernet1/0/0 168.1.1.2 pos2/0/1 ethernet8/0/0 100.10.1.2 168.1.1.1 ethernet1/0/1 172.17.1.1 ethernet2/0/1 172.17.1.2 Router D
Router C is configured with: [Quidway] interface pos 7/0/0 [Quidway-Pos7/0/0] ip address 100.10.1.1 Configuration procedure pos7/0/0 255.255.255.0 100.10.1.1 Configure ip address for [Quidway] router id 172.16.1.2 [Quidway] ospf the interface Router C [Quidway-ospf] area 0 [Quidway-ospf-area-0.0.0.0] network 100.10.1.0 Configure the ospf 0.0.0.255 protocol [Quidway] mpls lsr-id 172.16.1.2 [Quidway] mpls ldp 41 Configure the MPLS LDP Confidential Information of Huawei. [Quidway-Pos7/0/0] mpls ldp enable Security Level: Internal
No Spreading without Permission.
Summary
Grasp the basic concepts and working process of MPLS
Grasp label allocation and distribution

Grasp MPLS LDP configuration
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ODA000015 MPLS Basic Knowledge

Fixed Network Curriculum Development Section

Chapter 1 MPLS Overview

Chapter 2 Label and Label Stack

Chapter 3 Label Forwarding and Allocation

Chapter 4 LDP and Configuration

MPLSMulti-Protocol Label Switching

Origin: To Integrate IP with ATM

Connectionless forwarding plane

Connection-oriented forwarding plane

Connectionless: packet route Path 1 = S1, S2, S6, S8

Path 2 = S1, S4, S7, S8

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading without Permission.

Security Level: Internal

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading without Permission.

Security Level: Internal

ATM Switching Process

UNI UNI NNI VC switching VP switching NNI VC switching

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading without Permission.

Technology Combining the Advantages of ATM and IP

Layer 3 routing scalable and flexible

Layer 2 switching High reliability and traffic engineering

MPLSmulti-protocol label switching

Basic Working Process of MPLS

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading without Permission.

Security Level: Internal

Basic MPLS Concepts

Replace IP header with short and fixed-length labels as

forwarding basis to improve forwarding speed

VPN Traffic engineering QOS

Chapter 1 MPLS Overview

Chapter 2 Label and Label Stack

Chapter 3 Label Forwarding and Allocation

Chapter 4 LDP and Configuration

MPLS Encapsulation Format and Label

MPLS header IP header

Two types of MPLS encapsulation for ATM and FR:

used as the label

Label Position in Packet

Ethernet header /PPP header

Frame mode ATM packet

Cell mode ATM packet

MPLS TTL Processing

Include MPLS TTL in IP TTL

Chapter 1 MPLS Overview

Chapter 2 Label and Label Stack

Chapter 3 Label Forwarding and Allocation

Chapter 4 LDP and Configuration

Basic Concepts of Label Forwarding

NHLFE (Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry): Describe label operations

FTN (FEC to NHLFE): Map FEC to NHLFE

Label operation Others Add label L1

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading without Permission.

Security Level: Internal

Pop at Last Hop But One (PHP)

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading without Permission.

Security Level: Internal

LSP drive modes:

Driven by application: application (like QoS) drives LSP creation

LDP: Label Distribution Protocol

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading without Permission.

Several Issues Concerning Label Distribution

Label allocation mode