Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Literature Review
A very brief overview
About Me
– Dr. Merza Abbas
– Assoc. Prof.
– Chairman of Graduate Studies,
Centre for Instructional Technology
& Multimedia
– merza@usm.my, drmerza@yahoo.com
Achievement?
Practice
Structure of Scientific
Revolution (Kuhn, 1970)
Master programs
New
Anomalies New Paradigm
Normal Science
Another new
More Anomalies
Paradigm
Doctoral Programs
Objectivist Paradigm
Theory Focus: Mastery of content/skills
conflicts Assimilation
Self-regulation
Accomodation
New Schema
in equilibrium
How do we do it?
• Expand from the Title
– Expand concepts to content outline
– Use cause and effect structure
• Expand from the Research Questions
• Expand from the Problem Statement
• Take note of the
– Academic Pecking Order
– Sources of Knowledge
– Who else has done this, in what paradigm, with what
subjects, & with what results: go to ASKERIC, Google, etc.
• Tip: Hypotheses are summaries for Lit. Review.
The Academic Pecking
Order
Innovators
Developers
No name
dropping,
Reporters
padding
Please!
Students
Sources of Knowledge
• Experience
• Authority
• Deductive Reasoning
• Inductive Reasoning
• Scientific Thinking/Research
(Empirical studies)
Inductive Scientific Deductive
Reasoning Reasoning
Thinking
Begins with Begins with a
specific theory that
observations explains an
event
Detects forms
patterns & hypotheses
forms to test
Forms tentative
Collects data/
hypotheses
observations
to test
to test H’thesis