MATRICES AND ITS APPLICATION

"Matrices is a collection of cheap tricks and dirty jokes" LIPMAN BERS

INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

AIM

To acquaint students with the basics of the matrices and its applications in daily life and engineering

Following Sequence will be followed for the course of presentation: Part-1 Brief History Definition Part-2 Encryption Decoding Part-3 Linear Transformation Nodal Voltage equations Part-4 General Applications Conclusion
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PART - I

Matrices began in the 2nd century BC with the Chinese The term "matrix" was not Although traces could until be applied to the concept seen back in the 4th century 1850 BC with the Babylonians The term "matrix" for such Thy were used introduced arrangements was to solve simultaneous linear equations in 1850 by James Joseph at that time

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It was only towards the end of the 17th century that much progress was made on the studies of matrices Carl Gauss (1777-1855), the greatest German mathematician of the 19th century, first used the term 'determinant' in 1801 although its meaning was not exactly the same It was Augustin Cauchy (1789-1857), a great French mathematician, who used 'determinant' in 1812 in the modern sense of the word

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But it was his colleague, Arthur Cayley (1821-1895), another English mathematician and lawyer, who first published an abstract definition of a matrix in his Memoir on the Theory of Matrices in 1858, thus establishing it as a branch of mathematics. Prior to this, all other mathematicians viewed matrices only in the specific contexts in which they were working and they failed to generalize the idea of matrices
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In mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices, or less commonly matrixes) is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions A matrix is a collection of numbers arranged into a fixed number of rows and columns. Usually the numbers are real numbers
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R1 C1

C L M 1

3X3

ELEMENT ROW - 1

In Description we write Rows first then Columns RXC

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PART - II

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Matrix inverses can be used to encode and decode messages. To start: Set up a code The letters of the English alphabet are given corresponding numbers from 1-26 The number 27 is used to represent a space between words ABC DEFGHI J K L MN OP QR S TUVWX Y Z

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
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In this code, the words SECRET CODE is given by:

19 5 3 18 5 20 27 3 15 4 5

27 represents the space between the words

Any 2X2 matrix, with positive integers and where the inverse matrix exists, can be used as the encoding matrix

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 4 3 as the encoding matrix Lets use A = 1 1 To encode the message SECRET CODE, we need to create a matrix with 2 rows

19 5

3 18

5 20

27 3

15 4

5 ? 5 27

The last entry is blank, so we enter 27 for a space

19 5
18

3 18

5 20

27 3

15 4

We are now ready to encode the message

To encode the message, multiply by A:

Encoding matrix first

4 3 19 1 1 5

3 18

5 20

27 3

15 4

5 27

91 66 80 117 72 101 24 21 25 30 19 32

The encryption for SECRET CODE is 91 24 66 21 80 25 117 30 72 19 101 32

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 Decryption

is the reverse of encryption It is the transformation of encrypted data back into some intelligible form Encryption and decryption require the use of some secret information First matrix is called the encoding matrix and its inverse is called the decoding matrix
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Since it is a inverse process of encryption. So first of all we will take a reverse of matrix A

We will consider the same matrix that we use for the encryption purpose
4
1

3
1

21

Inverse will be A-1 =

1 -1
DETERMINANT

-3 4
4-3

-3
4

A-1

-1

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1 -1

-3 4

91 66 80 117 72 101 24 21 25 30 19 32
=

19 3 5 27 15 5 5 18 20 3 4 27
This form word SECRET WORD
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PART - III

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Finding linear transformation Use linear In Of Linear algebra, Transformation linear matrix transformations can be
Suitable for computation If one a represented by has that matrices. Some transformations

if tlinear is a are nontransformation T(x) in functional linear a linear on is n-dimensional Euclidean transformation form, it n easy to determine the space mapping R r,n can matrix A by simply to be m and x as r represented is transformation linear transformations on the n+1transforming each ofn+1 entries, the a column vector with n vectors of dimensional space R the T then standard basis by both These include affine then inserting the results into the transformations (such columns of a matrix. In other words, as translation) and projective For example, the function T(x) = transformations 5x is a linear transformation. For this reason, 4x4 transformation Applying the above process matrices are widely in this in 3D (suppose that n = 2 used case) computer graphics reveals that

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NODAL EQUATION

Sol of nodal eq using matrices is given as 4v 3v + 6w 9w = = 10 0 - - - - - - - - eq 1 - - - - - - - - eq 2

4 3

6 9

10

=
w 0

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Determinant A
10 6

36 18

18

V =
4 3 10 0

18

27

W =

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PART - IV

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Normal modes Linear combinations of Symmetries and Electronics quantum statesanalysisof in electronics transformations in physics in A general mesh matrices Traditional application

leads to a is to of linear equations that system the physics transformations and the The Linear first model description of of quantum can be described with a matrix linearly coupled harmonic systems mechanics (Heisenberg, 1925) associated symmetries play a key The behavior of The equations components of such represented the of motionoperators role in electronic physics modern theory's many can be systems usingparticles Let quantum by infinite-dimensional A be a 2described can be described in matrix elementary matrices. in matrices dimensional quantummatrix multiplying form, on vectorare classified as actingwith a mass states component's field voltage v and with the theory input input current i1 as its 1 a generalizedreferred ato2-dimensional velocitythe asLorentz to give the This is also let representations B of matrix elements, and be kineticofterm,the relativity and,matrix and a force output mechanics group with special component's more vector multiplyingand output behavior under voltage v2 aby their currenti2 as to specifically, displacement vector its One particular example is elements characterize the interaction the spin density the thegroup matrix that Then behavior of the electronic characterizes the "mixed" B = there For the threebe described bystate of A, component can lightest quarks, H a where H is x 2 matrix as a linear quantum aa2system group-theoretical is

combination representation involvingelementary, of the special "pure" group SU(3) unitaryeigenstates.

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Questions?

THANKS