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Pain-sensitive structure
Arteries of the circle of Willis, meningeal arteries Dural venous sinus Dura Scalp, neck muscle Cervical n. Mucosa of sinus, teeth
Important points in the headache history 1. The tempo of onset 2. The time of day of onset of maximal pain 3. The effect of posture, coughing and straining 4. The location of pain 5. Any associate symptoms
F>M Idiopathic, recurring HA disorder manifesting in attacks lasting 4 to 72 hrs, develops over minuutes to hours Typically - Unilateral (may be bilateral), pulsating (progresses from dull ache to pulsating pain), moderate or severe intensity, aggravated by routine physical activity and associated w/ nausea, photo & phonophobia,
Usually begins in frontotemporal region and radiates to occiput and neck Alleviated by relaxation in dark room and sleep, Complicated migraine - less common, neurologic symptoms are more pronounced or disabling
Aura symptoms may outlast the migraine
Permanent neurologic sequelae not common with migraine Subclassified to Aura or No Aura
Occurs with Migraine about 30% of cases Complex of focal neurologic symptoms
Usually begin 10 minutes to 1 hr prior to onset of head pain Light headedness and photophopsia (unformed flashes of light) Scotoma- Isolated area within the visual field where vision is absent (30% of cases) Scintillating scotoma- looks like silvery kaliedoscope
Reassurance Avoidance of trigger factors : - excessive caffeine intake - smoking - alcohol intake - irregular sleep habits - food containing nitrites (hotdog), monosodium glutamate (Chinese dishes, canned) - chocolate, red wine, fermented items
Pharmacotherapy
Symptomatic treatment
- as early as possible before pain begins - rest in a dark, quiet room with an ice pack on the head
Prophylactic treatment
Lifetime prevalence of 88% (F) and 69% (M) Highest prevalence in women, age 30-39, with higher education Dull, persistent HA Bilateral hatband distribution Usually NOT debilitating and intensity may fluctuate throughout the day Usually intermittent, however can have Chronic TTHA(2% of population), Continuos HA for months or years
Often occur during or after stress Skeletal muscle overcontraction, depression, and nausea may accompany HA No prodrome May be associated with depression, repressed hostility, resentment Patients with recurrent TTHA may not experience more stressful events than those without TTHA, but may have less effective coping strategies
Pathophysiology elusive
was felt to be caused by excessive muscle contraction with constriction of pain-sensitive extracranial structures Vascular reactivity felt to play a role
However, no correlation between muscle contraction and presence of TTHA
However, temporal muscle flow is unaltered compared to controls some overlap with pathophysiology of migraine
Promote
relaxation Aspirin, acetaminophen, NSAIDs Muscle relaxants,major/minor tranquilizer : ineffective Prophylactic treatment : amitriptyline 50-150 mg daily , Valproic acid
Associated with trauma, vascular disorders, Central Nervous System (CNS) infections, HIV, metabolic disorders >300 disorders can produce HA Watch out for HA especially if
New for patient and Severe in nature, may be sudden onset (Acute HA) or over days to months (subacute HA)
may be a sign of destructive cause for HA
May be symptomatic of
SAH HA - worst HA of my life, may also see alteration in mental status and focal neurologic signs Meningitis HA - usually bilateral, develops over hrs to days, may also see fever, photophobia, positive meningeal signs (Kernigss Brudzinski)
subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), stroke, meningitis, intracranial mass lesion (e.g. brain tumor, hematoma, abscess)
May be symptomatic of
increased intracranial pressure, intracranial mass lesion, temporal arteritis, sinusitis or trigeminal neuralgia
Trigeminal neuralgia - >40, F>M, characterized by sudden intense pain that recurs paroxysmally, occurs along the second or third division of trigeminal nerve and lasts only moments, triggered by talking, chewing, shaving , etc.
Brain itself is insensitive to pain HA Pain can be produced by nociceptors (peripheral pain receptors), injury to CNS or peripheral nervous system, or displacement of pain sensitive structure below Pain sensitive structures
proximal portions of cerebral arteries, large veins, and venous sinuses Also may be referred pain from inflammation of frontal or maxillary sinus or refractive error of the eye
Abortive Therapy
Prophylactic Therapy
Infrequent tension-type HA - just need abortive therapy with OTC analgesics Migraine and Cluster HA- may need prophylactic therapy
HA that impact patients life despite abortive therapy (>2xmonth), disabling HA unresponsive to abortive tx, pts in whom abortive agents contraindicated, migraines which are severe in nature
Abortive
Ergot alkaloids (ergotamine& dihydroergotamine) Triptans (sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, almotriptan, frovatriptan, eletriptan)
used to be popular for migraine/cluster HA
Antidepressants (e.g. amitriptyline), Beta blockers (e.g. propranolol), valproate, calcium channel blockers (e.g. verapamil), NSAIDs