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Strong electrolytes ionize completely in water. Weak electrolytes ionize incompletely in water. Strong and weak should not be used to represent concentration, or molarity.
Binary acids
Composed of hydrogen and some nonmetal Generic formula HX or H2X Strength of binary acids tend to increase across a period and increase down a group
Oxyacids Memorize the strong acids (HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, and HClO4) and strong bases (all hydroxides or oxides of group 1 and 2 metals except Mg and Be)
Composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and some other element Strength of oxyacids tend to increase across a period and increase up a group For oxyacids with the same other element, more oxygens produce a stronger acid
Acid-Base Equilibria
A Bit of Background
Before we dive right in to acid-base equilibria, lets review general properties of acids and bases. 3 general definitions:
Arrhenius Bronsted-Lowry Lewis
Arrhenius Definitions
An acid is a substance that produces H+ (or H3O+) ions in water. A base is a substance that produces OH- ions in water. A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and a base combine to form water and a salt. These definitions suck because not all of our observations are supported by these definitions.
Bronsted-Lowry Definitions
An acid is a substance that donates a proton. A base is a substance that accepts a proton. Any acid-base reaction is considered an equilibrium, having both a forward and reverse reaction. Because of this, the concept of conjugate acid-base pairs is important.
Example 1
Write the conjugate base of nitric acid, HNO3. NO3 Write the conjugate acid of hydrogen sulfate, HSO4-. H2SO4
Your Turn 1
Write the formula for the conjugate base of:
Water Phosphoric acid
Important Vocabulary
What if a single substance can act as either an acid or a base? We call this substance amphoteric, or amphiprotic. Examples include molecules or ions. Water is the most popular amphoteric substance which explains why we love to do acid-base chemistry in solution.
Example 2
Given the fact that acetic acid is known to be a stronger acid than the hydrogen sulfite ion, predict the position of the equilibrium in the reaction below: HSO3- (aq) + C2H3O2- (aq) HC2H3O2 (aq) + SO32- (aq) In this case, the equilibrium will lie to the left because thats where the weaker acid and base are found.
Your Turn 2
Given that hydrogen sulfate is a stronger acid that hydrogen phosphate, determine the position of the equilibrium in the reaction below: HSO4- (aq) + PO43- (aq) SO42- (aq) + HPO42- (aq)
The strength of a Bronsted-Lowry base refers to its ability to accept and bind a proton.
OH- is the strongest base we will ever find in aqueous solution
Lewis Definitions
An acid is any ionic or molecular species that can accept a pair of electrons in the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. A base is any ionic or molecular species that can donate a pair of electrons in the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. Neutralization is the formation of a coordinate covalent bond between the donor (base) and acceptor (acid).
Lewis Bases
Substances with completed valence shells and unshared pairs of electrons
It is often helpful to draw the Lewis structures when identifying Lewis acids and bases.
Example 3
Identify the Lewis acid and base in the reaction: NH3 + H+ NH4+
Your Turn 3
Identify the Lewis acid and base in the reaction: Ag+ + 2NH3 Ag(NH3)2 +
Homework
Pages 839-843 #1, 3, 7, 33, 69
Water is special. Because of its importance in acid-base reactions, we give its equilibrium constant a special symbol, Kw. This is called the ion product constant of water or the autoionization constant for water. Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 @ 25C
In neutral solution, [H3O+] = [OH-] In acidic solution, [H3O+] > [OH-] In basic solution, [H3O+] < [OH-] This is fine and dandy except it is usually very difficult to measure the concentration of hydronium and hydroxide ions in the laboratory. S.P.L. Sorenson, a Danish chemist, saved the day.
The pH Scale
To make comparisons of teeny tiny concentration values much easier, we can use the pH scale. pH = -log[H+] or log[H3O+] Or [H+] = [H3O+] = 10-pH In neutral solution, pH = 7 In acidic solution, pH < 7 In basic solution, pH > 7
P Notation
Sorensons pH scale became so popular that it has been adapted to quantities other than [H+]. We can calculate pOH and pKw as well. pOH = -log[OH-] pKw = -logKw A useful relationship becomes pH + pOH = pKw = 14 @ 25C
Example 1
Water draining from old coal and mineral mines often has pH values of less than 4.0. What are the pOH, [H+], and [OH-] in an acid mine drainage sample that has a pH of 4.25? pOH = 9.75 [H+] = 5.62 x 10-5 M [OH-] = 1.78 x 10-10 M
Your Turn 1
Find the values of [H+] and [OH-] that correspond to each of the following values of pH. State whether each solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.
2.90 10.81 4.61
pKa
We can write the pKa of an acid as: pKa = -logKa Strong acids have small pKa values and vice versa.
pKb
We can write the pKb of a base as: pKb = -logKb Strong bases have small pKb values and vice versa.
An Illustration
Formic acid, HCHO2, is a typical weak acid that ionizes according to the equation: HCHO2(aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + CHO2- (aq) Ka = The conjugate base of formic acid, formate, reacts with water according to the equation: CHO2- (aq) + H2O (l) HCHO2 (aq) + OH- (aq) Kb =
= [H3O+][OH-] = Kw
Example 2
The methylammonium ion CH3NH3+ has a Ka of 2.3 x 10-11. What is the Kb for the base methylamine?
4.3 x 10-4
Your Turn 2
The value of Kb for the CHO2- ion is 5.5 x 10-11. What is the value of Ka for HCHO2?
Homework
Pages 840-841 #9, 12*, 15, 23, 27, 29
*If you can show me how you correctly answered #12, I will give you candy.
Example 1
Lactic acid (HC3H5O3) gives sauerkraut its tartness. In a 0.100 M solution, the pH is 2.44 at 25C. Calculate the Ka and pKa for lactic acid at this temperature.
Your Turn 1
A 0.055 M butanoic acid solution has a pH of 2.72 at 25C. Determine Ka and pKa for butanoic acid (CH3CH2CH2CO2H).
Example 2
Calculate the pH of a 0.100 M solution of hypochlorous acid.
Your Turn 2
Calculate the pH of a 0.020 M solution of benzoic acid.
Your Turn 3
What is the pH of a 0.0010 M solution of formic acid? What is the equilibrium concentration of formic acid?
Your Turn 4
What are the equilibrium concentrations of HF, F- ion, and H3O+ ion in a 0.015 M solution of HF? What is the pH of the solution?
Homework
Complete Acid-Base Equilibria worksheet
Polyprotic Acids
Have you noticed that most of the acids weve looked at thus far have contained one acidic hydrogen, like HCl and HNO3? These are called monoprotic acids because they have the ability to donate only one hydrogen according to the Bronsted-Lowry definition.
What about an acid like H2CO3? It has two hydrogens to donate, so we call it a diprotic acid (acids with more than 2 hydrogens to donate are called polyprotic acids). However, each hydrogen is donated separately and, therefore, has its own Ka value. We denote them as Ka1 and Ka2.
Check It Out
H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3Or H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 Ka1 = = 4.3 x 10-7 HCO3- + H2O H3O+ + CO32Or HCO3- H+ + CO32 Ka2 = = 5.6 x 10-11
What do you notice about the relative values of Ka1 and Ka2? Each ionization contributes to the overall [H+] in the solution; however, one ionization has a greater impact on the [H+]. Which step is it? How come?
Example 1
Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of carbonic acid, hydrogen ion, hydrogen carbonate, and carbonate ion in a solution of 0.040 M H2CO3 as well as the pH of the solution. Ka1 = 4.3 x 10-7 Ka2 = 5.6 x 10-11
Your Turn 1
Calculate the [H+] and [C6H6O62-] at equilibrium in a solution of 0.10 M H2C6H6O6 as well as the pH of the solution. Ka1 = 8.0 x 10-5 Ka2 = 1.6 x 10-12
Homework
Pgs. 842-843 #65 and 67
Percent Ionization
Recall that weak acids and bases DO NOT ionize completely in water. We can calculate the percent ionization of the substance. In general, the percent ionization of a substance allows us to determine its relative strength. Higher percent ionization means less weak acid (relatively speaking).
Percent Ionization
Percent ionization is calculated as I moles ionized per liter I x 100% I moles available per liter I Another way to look at this is I [X] from RICE table I x 100% I Molarity of X given in problemI
Example 1
Calculate the percent ionization of 1.0 M acetic acid.
Your Turn 1
Calculate the percent ionization of 0.100 M acetic acid.
Example 2
In a 0.100 M methylamine solution, CH3NH2, only 6.4% of the base is ionized. What are Kb and pKb of methylamine?
Your Turn 2
In a 0.0100 M solution of butanoic acid, HC4H7O2, 4.0% of the acid is ionized. Calculate Ka and pKa of butanoic acid.
Homework
Complete Percent Ionization Worksheet.
Buffers
A buffer is a solution consisting of mixed solutes which allow the solution to resist large changes in pH when small amounts of strong acid or strong base are added to it. A buffer usually consists of a weak Bronsted acid and its conjugate base. KNOW THIS! THE AP PEOPLE WANT TO TRICK YOU!
If the acid is molecular, the conjugate base is supplied by a soluble salt of the acid.
Example 1
Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing both 0.110 M NaCH3COO and 0.090 M CH3COOH.
Example 2
Is it possible to prepare a buffer solution with pH 5.00 from acetic acid and sodium acetate? If so, what is the correct mole ratio that will result in pH 5.00? How many moles of sodium acetate must be added to 1.0 L of a solution that contains 1.0 mol acetic acid to prepare the buffer?
Example 3