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Possible signs of stress Anxiety ; floating anxiety Back pain Constipation or diarrhea Depression ; urge to cry
Fatigue
Headaches
Stiff neck
Upset stomach Weight gain or loss
Possible signs of stress Problems with relationships Nightmares Smoking Alcohol drinking Drug addiction
GERM THEORY
Pasteur proposed that a specific microorganism was capable of causing infectious disease Antibiotics, vaccinations, and other treatment were developed as a result of this theory.
Multi- Causal Theory A. Selyes theory ( GAS) a framework to describe how people respond to stress B. Local Adaptations Syndrome (LAS) single organ or specific section of the body
Both syndromes develop in 3 distinct stages (GAS and LAS) A)alarm reaction ( fight/flight ) B) resistance
c) exhaustion
Stages of GAS
1. Stage of ALARM (SA) - the person becomes aware of the presence of threat or
danger
Stages of GAS
Stages of GAS
Psychosocial Theory A. Masons theory of specificity of the stress response The stress response is dependent on psychological factors We can modify the cortisol response by coping effectively with a stressor
B. Lazarus Theory response The brain, thru ones perception of the stressor, appears to be the mediating influence on how the body respond to stress
C. Wolffs theory of stress Stressors are created by the need to be successful at work and w other people Some individual consistently respond to situations thru a response by a particular body system or organ Pathologic change that occur regularly and that are combine w/ other chemical, biologic or physical stressors can eventually lead to tissue damage.
Stress
is a state produced by a change in the environment that is perceived as challenging, threatening or damaging to the persons dynamic balance or equilibrium
Stress
actual or perceived imbalance in the persons ability to meet the demands of new situation
Adaptation
Constant
on going process requires a change in structure, function and behavior so that the person is better suited to the environment
Types of Stressor Physical Physiologic psychosocial 1. day to day daily hassles 2. major complex occurrences
According To duration :
Acute stress
Stressor sequence
Chronic intermittent
Chronic enduring
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Medulla Norepinephrine Epinephrine
Brain :
Eyes : Mouth : Heart :
dryness of mouth
tachycardia; coronary vasodilation Increased force of cardiac contractility
Skin : Liver :
Muscles :
GIT :
increased glycogenolysis
increased muscle tension decreased gastric motility
decreased peristalsis
constipation, Flatulence Urinary bladder: relaxation of detrusor muscles
Local Physiologic Response : inflammation involves mobilization of specific and nonspecific defense mechanism in response
Inflammatory Response
Tissue Injury
Vascular response
transitory vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation due to release of
histamine
bradykinin prostaglandin
Increase capillary permeability
1. Rubor ( redness) 2. Dolor ( pain ) 3. Calor ( heat ) 4. Tumor ( tumor ) 5. Impaired function
1st/Primary Intention
Secondary Intention
Endogenous pyrogens (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, interleukin 1) Hypothalamus Resetting of the body temp set-point at a higher level
Increased phagocytic activity Leukocytosis Anorexia Elevated ESR Headache Lymphadenopathy Fatigue/ malaise
Nursing Interventions for Clients with Inflammation : Promote rest Reduce swelling Position : elevate the affected body part to promote venous return
Nursing Interventions for Clients with Inflammation : Provide adequate Nutrition Pharmacotherapy Analgesic/Antipyretic Aspirin, Paracetamol, Mefenamic Acid NSAIDS Antimicrobials Surgery
Physiologic Effects of Heat Application Vasodilation increases blood flow to an area Promotes muscle relaxation and sedative effect Relieves edema because fluid is easily
Physiologic Effects of Cold Application Vasoconstriction controls bleeding Numbs nerve endings
Cold application is done during the 1st 72 hours, heat application follows after During heat and cold application, check the area every 15 minutes.
Methods of Dry Heat Application : Hot Water Bags/Bottles Heat Cradle Disposable hot packs
Ice collar
Ice cap Disposable cold pack
Thank you