SST PROJECT WORK

( DRAINAGE )

Presented to : Mrs. Nirmal Kaur Presented by : Pratyush Thakur IX B 28

CONTENTS
Introduction ii. Indian system of drainage iii. Drainage patterns iv. Rivers and river system v. Economic importance vi. Pollution vii. Actions & Remedies viii.Conclusions
i.

INTRODUCTION

DRAINAGE
The term drainage describes the river system of an area. ii. The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin. iii. An upland which divides any 2 basins is known as water divide
i.

INDIAN SYSTEM OF DRAINAGE

The drainage systems of India

are mainly controlled by the broad relief features of the subcontinent. The two major groups are :i. The Himalayan Rivers ii. The Peninsular Rivers Most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial while most of the peninsular rivers are seasonal.

DRAINAGE PATTERNS
Dendritic drainage

system Trellis drainage system Rectangular drainage system Radial drainage system

DENDRITIC
Dendritic drainage

systems are the most common form of drainage system. In a dendritic system, there are many contributing streams. Thus the name dendritic (derived from branches).

TRELLIS
As a river flows along a

strike valley, smaller tributaries feed into it from the steep slopes on the sides of mountains. These tributaries enter the main river at approximately 90 degree angles, causing a trellis-like appearance of the drainage system.

RECTANGULAR
Rectangular drainage

develops on a strongly jointed rocky terrain. The streams consist mainly of straight line segments with right angle bends Tributaries join larger streams at right angles.

RADIAL
In a radial drainage

system the streams radiate outwards from a central high point. Volcanoes usually display excellent radial drainage On domes and laccoliths the drainage may exhibit a combination of radial and annular patterns.

RIVERS AND RIVER SYSTEMS

A river along with its tributaries is called a river system.

The Himalayan Rivers :The Indus River System The Ganga River System The Brahmaputra River System

The Peninsular Rivers :The Narmada Basin The Tapi Basin The Godavari Basin The Mahanadi Basin The Krishna Basin The Kaveri Basin

THE HIMALAYAN RIVERS

The Himalayan rivers are perennial and they receive water from the melting of the snow glaciers.
These rivers have cut through mountains to make their way downstream. They have long courses from their source to the sea. They carry loads of silt and sand.

THE INDUS
The river Indus rises in the

Tibet. Flowing west, it enters India in J&K. Several tributaries join it in the Kashmir region The Indus plain has a very gentle slope. With a total length of 2900 km the Indus is some of the longest rivers of the world

THE GANGA
The Ganga is fed by the

Gangotri glacier and joined by the Alaknanda at Devprayag in Uttrakhand. The Ganga has many tributaries from the Himalayas. The Ganga flows eastward till Farakka in West Bengal. The length of the Ganga is over 2500 km.

THE BRAHMAPUTRA
The Brahmaputra lies

east of the Mansarovar lake. It is longer than Indus and most of its course is outside India. It is known the sorrow of Assam as it has a large volume and considerable amount of silt.

THE PENINSULAR RIVERS

The main water divide

in Peninsular India is formed by the Western Ghats, which runs from north to south close to the western coast. The drainage basins of the peninsular rivers are quite small.

THE NARMADA
The Narmada rises in the

Amarkantak hills in Madhya Pradesh. It flows to the west in a rift valley. All of its tributaries are very short and join the main river at right angles.

THE TAPI
The Tapi rises in the

Satpura ranges in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. It flows towards west like Narmada but it is smaller in size. It also flows in a rift valley parallel to Narmada.

THE GODAVARI
The Godavari is the

largest peninsular river. It rises from the slopes of the Western Ghats in the Nasik region. It is about 1500 km long. It is also known as the Dakshin Ganga.

THE MAHANADI
The Mahanadi rises in

the highlands of Chhattisgarh. It flows through Orissa to reach the bay of Bengal. The length of the river is about 560 km.

THE KRISHNA
Rising from a spring near

Mahabaleshwar, the Krishna flow and reaches the Bay of Bengal . Its drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It is about 1400 km long.

THE KAVERI
The Kaveri rises in the

Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats an reaches the bay of Bengal in Tamil Nadu It is 760 km long. Its basins drain parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil nadu.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF RIVERS

Rivers have been of fundamental importance

throughout the human history. Water from the rivers is a basic natural resource. Therefore settlements near water have become big cities. Using rivers for irrigation, power generation etc is of great importance in the ever growing economic India.

POLLUTION OF WATER
The growing domestic, municipal, industrial and

agricultural demand for water from rivers naturally affects the quality of water. Heavy loads of untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied into the rivers . This affects not only the quality of water but also the aquatic conditions of water.

ACTIONS AND REMEDIES

We can prevent pollution in river water in many ways

and some of them are as follows:

1. 2.

not discharging untreated sewage and other industrial waste water into rivers not quarrying sand in river beds which is a key factor in river bank stability and erosion of banks

We should create awareness among other people. Farmers should use manure instead of fertilizers because fertilizers flow away with rainwater into rivers and caused great effect to aquatic species.

CONCLUSIONS
Rivers are the backbone of our life. We simply

cant do without them. So, we just have to take a decision and decide who are we going to be - The Savers or the Polluters. Every persons bit can help in any insignificant way . My help is spreading awareness. What is yours ? Ponder and think Over it.

EVERY RIVER WANTS TO BE LIKE THIS