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Patricks History
When Patrick was 16 years old, his hand started twitching as he picked up a glass at dinner. Five months later (in February 2001), he fell down the steps at his home and was unable to climb the steps to the bus. He went to the ER for his progressive weakness. At Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia he was initially diagnosed with a demyelinating disease. He was treated with anti-inflammatory drugs and antibodies for 2 years with no improvement. What was wrong with Patrick?
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What is energy?
Potential Energy = stored energy
Chemical bonds Concentration gradients Electrical potential
CQ3: The high energy phosphate bond in ATP is _____ and ____ energy to break the bond.
A: Easy to break, releases B: Hard to break, requires C: Easy to break, requires D: Hard to break, releases
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H2O
Hydrolysis of ATP
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CQ4: What would happen if Patrick lost his ability to make ATP?
A: His muscles would not be able to contract. B: His neurons would not be able to conduct electrical signals. C: Both A and B.
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Enzymes (usually proteins) are biological catalysts, highly specific for their substrates (reactants). Enzymes change reactants into products through transition state intermediates. Enzymes are not consumed in the reaction.
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Enzymes as Catalysts
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Enzymes DO NOT change the overall energy released in a reaction.
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Enzyme Regulation
Enzymes turn on and off based on the need of the organism
ON = Activators
Positive allosteric regulation
OFF = Inhibitors
Irreversible = must make new enzyme! Reversible = inhibitor can come off
Competitive = active site Noncompetitive = other site = allosteric site
Feedback Inhibition
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CQ7: Consider the following metabolic pathway: A C D B If the enzyme responsible for converting A to C was mutated and nonfunctional, what would happen? A: A levels would increase; B, C, and D levels would decrease. B: A and B levels would increase; C and D levels would decrease. C: A, B and C levels would increase; D levels would decrease. D: A, B, C, and D levels would all decrease.
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CQ8: Consider the following metabolic pathway: Pyruvate Acetyl CoA TCA cycle Lactate If Patricks enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA was inhibited, what would happen? A: Pyruvate levels would increase; acetyl CoA and lactate levels would decrease. B: Pyruvate and lactate levels would increase; acetyl CoA levels would decrease. C: Pyruvate, acetyl CoA, and lactate levels would increase. D: Pyruvate, acetyl CoA, and lactate levels would 26 all decrease.
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O2
Mitochondria
H+
eee-
With O2
H+ H+
ee-
Pyruvate
CO2
NAD+
Outer membrane
FADH2
ADP + Pi
GDP + Pi
citrate
Oxaloacetate
Krebs cycle
2 CO2
GTP
Intermembrane space
ATP
matrix
Inner membrane
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C: Proteins
D: Both carbohydrates and fats E: Carbohydrates, fats and proteins
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Fatty acids
Fatty acids can form acetyl CoA which can enter the Krebs cycle
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CQ12: The loss of which of the following molecules was the most critical for Patricks paralysis?
A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase B: Acetyl CoA C: Lactate D: ATP
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