Maham Ashraf Roll no 66

Anal canal commences at the level where rectum passes through pelvic diaphragm and ends at anal verge The muscular junction between rectum and anal canal can be felt wiTh the finger as thickened ridge anorectal ring

anal canal contains

Internal sphincter Longitudinal muscle External sphincter

It is the continuation of circular muscle coat of rectum

It commences where rectum passes through pelvic diaphragm and ends at anal orifice

It is involuntary in nature

 It is formed by the fusion of puborectalis with the longitudinal muscle coat of rectum at anorectal junction It lies between external and internal sphincter Its fiber fan out through the lowest part of external sphincter to be inserted into and perianal skin

 It is subdivided into deep, superficial and subcutaneous part SUBCUTANEOUS part lies below the level of internal anal sphincter and surround the lowest part of anal canal SUPERFICIAL part arise from posterior surface of terminal segment of coccyx and are inserted in perineal body

 DEEP PART surround the upper part of internal anal sphincter and is fused with puborectalis It has no bony attachment

 It marks the junction between rectum and anal canal It is formed by joining of puborectalis,deep external sphincter, conjoint longitudinal muscle and highest fiber of internal anal sphincter It can be felt digitally Division of anorectal ring result in permanent incontinence

It is divided into Upper mucous part Middle part or transition zone or pecten Lower cutaneous part

 This part is 15mm long.It is endodermal in origin The mucous membrane show a) 6 to 12 vertical folds called anal column of morgagni b) the lower end of anal column are united to each other by transverse fold of mucous membrane called anal valve

 Above each valve there is a depression in mucosa called anal sinus Anal valve together form a transverse line that run all around the anal canal called DENTATE LINE OR PECTINATE LINE

 The next 15mm of anal canal is also lined by mucous membrane but anal column are not present The mucosa has a bluish appearance because of dense venous plexus and is less mobile The lower limit has a whitish appearance and is called white line of Hilton

 It is about 8mm long and is lined by true skin containing sweat and sebaceous glands

ABOVE Cuboidal epithelium Autonomic nervous system [insensitive] Venous drainage is by portal system Lymphatic drainage is by Para aortic nodes

BELOW Squamous epithelium Somatic nerve [sensitive] Venous drainage is by systemic vein By superficial and deep inguinal nodes

 The part of anal canal above dentate line is supplied by superior rectal artery The part below dentate line is supplied by inferior rectal artery

 INTERNAL RECTAL VENOUS PLEXES lies in the sub mucosa of anal canal it drain mainly into superior rectal vein but communicate freely with middle and inferior rectal vein EXTERNAL RECTAL VENOUS PLEXES lies outside muscular coat of anal canal and communicate freely with internal rectal plexus

 The lower part of external plexus is drained by inferior rectal vein into internal pudendal vein The middle and superior part is drained by middle and superior rectal veins respectively both of which drain into portal vein via inferior mesenteric vein

 ABOVE DENTATE LINE anal canal is supplied by autonomic nervous system BELOW DENTATE LINE it is supplied by somatic [inferior rectal S2,S3,S4]