Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
BEHZAD ZAHID
Operations Engineer-Core
To Understand the OSPF as Dynamic Routing
Protocol
Basic Configuration of OSPF on Cisco Routers
and Troubleshooting
Prerequisite
OSI Model
Basics of Routing
OSPF
◦ Understanding of OSPF
◦ Neighbor Establishment Stages
◦ LSP Types and its Propagation
Configuring OSPF on Cisco Routers
Trouble Shooting OSPF
Understanding of OSI Model
◦ Transformation from Data to Bits
◦ Significance of Each Layer
Understanding of Routing and Routing table
Routing is a way to get one packet from one
destination to the next
A router creates or maintains a table of the
available routes.
Path Determination
Static routing is simply the process of
manually entering routes into a device's
routing table.
Static routing is the simplest form of routing,
but it is a manual process.
Disadvantage:
◦ Not scalable
Routing device (the router) dynamically learn
network destinations and how to get to them
and also advertise those destinations to other
routers.
Dynamic routing is assisted by routing
protocols.
Exterior Gateway Protocol
◦ Border Gateway Protocol
For Large Internetworks
Interior Gateway Protocol
◦ Distance Vector
RIP
◦ Link State
OSPF
ISIS
◦ Hybrid
EIGRP
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing
protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
It uses a link state routing algorithm and falls
into the group of interior routing
protocols(IGP), operating within a single
autonomous system (AS).
Area
◦ A contiguous grouping of routers and router
interfaces.
◦ Normal Areas:
Summary LSAs from other areas are injected
External LSAs are injected
◦ Stub Areas:
Summary LSAs from other areas are injected
The default route is injected as a summary route
External LSAs are not injected.
◦ Totally Stubby Areas:
No summary LSAs are allowed
No external LSAs are allowed
The default route is injected as a summary route.
◦ Not-So-Stubby Areas:
Type 7 LSAs carry external information within an NSSA
Type 7 LSAs are converted into Type 5 LSAs at the
NSSA ABR
No external LSA are allowed, Summary LSAs are
injected
Types of Routers in OSPF
◦ Internal routers: Routers that have all their
interfaces in the same area and have identical
LSDBs.
◦ Backbone routers: Routers having at least one
interface connected to area 0.
◦ ABRs: Routers that have interfaces attached to
multiple areas.
◦ ASBRs: Routers that have at least one interface
attached to an external internetwork (another AS),
such as a non‐OSPF network.
◦ Designated Router
On Multiaccess data links , an ospf
router elected by the routers on that data
link to perform special functions (e.g
generation of LSAs representing the
subnet)
◦ Backup Designated Router
A router on Multiaccess data link that
becomes prepared to take over for the
DR, should the DR fail.
OSPF Packet Types:
◦ Hello Message
To form neighbor-ship
◦ Data Base Descriptor
Has LSA headers (LSID and Seq No)
◦ Link State Request
I need complete info of this Network
◦ Link State Advertisement
Info of asked Network
◦ Link State Update
Set of LSAs
◦ Link State Acknowledgement
OSPF Cost
◦ Cost is used to find best router
◦ OSPF Metric :
Cost = 100/ BW in MBPS
T1 65
E1 48
Ethernet 10
Fast Ethernet 1
Gigabit Ethernet 1
Hello Interval
◦ Interval at which a router sends OSPF Hello
messages on an interface. (10ms for Broadcast)
Dear Interval
◦ Timer use to determine neighboring router has
failed. (40ms for Broadcast)
Update Destination Address
◦ Normally sent to 224.0.0.5
◦ All designated Routers 224.0.0.6
Neighbor Discovery and Forming Neighbor
Relationship
◦ Sending Hellos Message
Exchanging Topology Database
◦ Exchanging DBDs, LSRs, LSUs
Route Computation
◦ SPF
Router ID (must be unique 1.1.1.1 )
Hello and Dead Timers * (10ms and 40ms)
Network Mask *
Area ID * (e.g Area 1)
List of neighbors
Router Priority
DR/BDR IP address
Authentication Password *
Determine Your Router ID
◦ Hard coded
◦ Highest loopback IP
◦ Highest Interface IP
Add interfaces to the Link State Database
(dictated by Network Command)
Exchange hello Messages
Topology Exchange
◦ Master/Slave Relation
OSPF LSA Types:
◦ LSA Type 1 : Router LSA
◦ LSA Type 2 : Network LSA (DR Generated)
◦ LSA Type 3 : ABR Summary (ABR Generated)
◦ LSA Type 4 : ASBR Location (ABR Generated)
◦ LSA Type 5 : External LSA (ASBR Generated)
◦ LSA Type 7 : NSSA External LSA
Router LSA
◦ Each router creates its own type 1 LSA to represent
itself for each area to which it connects.
◦ To flood the LSA, the originating router sends it to
its neighbor inside the same area, who in turn to
their neighbors.
◦ It lists :
Router interface subnet mask and interface ospf cost
(stub network- no DR Elected Interface)
IP address of DR (Transit Network- DR elected
interface)
Neighbors Router ID (no DR elected interface)
◦ OSPF identifies Type 1 LSA using a 32bit LSID.
◦ Each router uses its own OSPF router ID value as the
LSID for Type 1 LSA.
R5’s type 1 LSA will list these three interfaces
as links, plus it will refer to the two working
neighbors.
SPF requires that the LSDB model the
topology with nodes (routers) and
connections between nodes (Links).
OSPF can model all the topology inside a
single area using TYPE 1 and TYPE 2 LSAs.
Analyze the LSDB to find all possible routes to
reach the subnet
For each possible route, add the ospf
interface cost for all outgoing interfaces in
that route
Pick the route with the lowest cost
router ospf process-id
Configure an OSPF routing process and
enter router configuration mode.
router-id [X.X.X.X]
To use a fixed router ID, use the above command in
router configuration mode.