SENSES

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 Our senses continually provide us with

information about our surroundings.

SENSE - is the ability to perceive stimuli.

Perception - refers to conscious

registration of a sensory stimulus.

Sensation is the conscious awareness of

stimuli received by sensory receptors. 6/8/12 Sensations result is only from those stimuli

For a sensation to occur, four requisites must be fulfilled.

A stimulus, or change in the environment,

capable of initiating a response by the nervous system must be present.

A receptor or sense organ must pick up the

stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse.

The impulse must be conducted along a

neutral pathway from the receptor or sense organ to the brain. impulse into a sensation.

A region of the brain must translate the

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CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION

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PROJECTION -brain referring

sensation to their point of sensation Explanation: Most conscious sensations or perceptions occur in the brain, in other words you actually hear, feel, see, etc., in the brain, you only seem to hear with you ears, feel with your fingers, and see with 6/8/12 your eyes.

ADAPTATION

- Sensation may disappear even though stimulus is still being applied. Explanation: Burning when you first get into a tub of hot water, disappears after awhile.
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AFTER IMAGE - sensations

that persist even though stimulus has been removed. Examples: Look at a bright light then look away and you still see the light for a few seconds. Stare intently at an image for 4045 seconds then look a white 6/8/12 sheet surface

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MODALITY the specific

sensation felt. The sensation maybe one of pain, pressure, touch, body position etc., the distinct property by which one sensation may be distinguished from another is its modality.

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INTENSITY - the intensity of a

sensation is related to he strength of the stimulus and/or number of receptors stimulated.

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Classifications of Sensations

GENERAL RECEPTORS an d SPECIALIZED RECEPTORS

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GENERAL RECEPTORS -- are widely distributed throughout the body and include the senses of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vibration, itch, and proprioception.
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SOMATIC SENSES

-- senses are senses associated with the skin (hot, cold, touch, pressure, pain) and proprioceptive sensations of muscles and joints. senses are senses associated with the skin (hot, cold, touch, pressure, pain) and proprioceptive sensations of muscles and joints.

respon d to temper ature Nocicept ors change s. -respond to stimuli that result in the sensatio n of

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mechan ical stimuli such as the bending or stretchi ng of recepto rs.

Pacinian Corpuscles

-- are encapsulated within a multilayered connective tissue wrapping and are widely distributed throughout the body. Meissner Corpuscles -- are located in hairless portions of the skin. Ruffini Corpuscles

-- play an important role in detecting continuous pressure in the skin. Merkel Disk -- are located within the dermis of the fingertips,

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How do they work?

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 Visceral senses are senses associated with

the conditions of body fluids and internal organs. a. Nociceptors are present.

b. Pressoreceptors are found in the walls of certain blood vessels to detect changes in blood pressure (Aortic and Carotid Sinuses). c. Chemoreceptor detect changes in chemical concentrations such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions (Aortic and Carotid 6/8/12 Bodies).

SPECIALIZED SENSES
The senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing and

balance are associated with very specialized, localized sensory receptors. The sensations of smell and taste are closely related, both structurally and functionally, and are both initiated by the interaction of chemicals with sensory receptors. The sense of vision is initiated by the interaction of light with the sensory receptors. Both hearing and balance function in response to the reaction of mechanical stimuli with sensory receptors. Hearing occurs in response to sound waves, and balance occurs in response to gravity or 6/8/12 motion.

Sensation can also be classified in . . .

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TYPES OF SENSATION

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Cutaneous Sensation ..
-- contains free nerve endings for pain, touch and pressure. -- protects the skin and provide info about temperature (heat and cold), pain, touch and pressure (covered nerve endings). -- consist of the dendrites of sensory neurons that may or may not be enclosed in a capsule of epithelial or connective tissue. -- areas of the body that have few of these are insensitive; those containing many are sensitive. (e.g., from greatest sensitivity to least: tip of the tongue, tip of the finger, side of the 6/8/12 back of nose, hand, and back of neck)

Muscle Sensation ..
-- provide awareness or our muscles. -- Stretch receptors in muscles; sensory nerves located in the parietal lobes. -- cerebellum coordinate voluntary motion.

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Taste Sensation ..
chemo receptors located in the taste buds of the tongue; -- they detect chemicals present of food and in saliva. -- sweet, sour, bitter and salty are four basic tastes. -- pathways; facial glossopharyngeal nerves in temporal lobe.
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Smell Sensation ..
Chemo receptors in the upper nasal cavities detect volatile chemicals. -- pathways: Olfactory nerves to olfactory bulbs connected to olfactory areas in the temporal lobe. -- smell and taste sensations are synergistic.
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Hunger and Thirst ..

-- receptors in the hypothalamus. -- detect the changes in nutrient levels and project to the stomach. -- Osmoreceptors detect the changes in body water concentration. Thirst subjected to the mouth/pharynx.
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