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Definition
abnormalities of vegetative functions like eating, evacuation or sleep, either due to delayed maturation of bodily functions or abnormal psychosocial development vegetative state is a disorder of consciousness in which patients with severe brain damage are in a state of partial arousal than true awareness.
Rumination Disorder
Rumination disorder is an eating disorder in which an infant or young child -- brings back up and re-chews partially digested food that has already been swallowed Weightloss or failure to gain at expected level male affection more commonly , 3-14 months of age
Two types 1)psycogenic 2)self stimulating To be considered this behavior must occur in children who had previously been eating normally, it must occur on a regular basis usually daily for at least one month, during feeding or right after eating.
Psychotherapy for the mother and/or family may be helpful to improve communication and address any negative feelings toward the child due to the behavior. no medications used to treat rumination disorder.
Pica
Definition of Pica
an eating disorder typically defined as the persistent eating of non nutritive& non edible substances for a period of at least one month at an age in which the behavior is developed mentally in appropriate (>1824month) include plaster, charcoal, clay, wool, ashes, paint, and earth .
predisposing factors
Mental retardation and lack of parental nurturing (psychologic and nutritional) are predisposing factors Pica appears to be more common in children with autism and other brain-behavior disorders such as Kleine-Levin syndrome
Persistent pica
Is often associated with : * Family disorganization * Poor supervision * Psychologic neglect Pica appears to be more prevalent in the lower socioeconomic classes
Geophagia
Pica usually remits in childhood but can continue into adolescence and adulthood. In particular, geophagia (eating of earth) is associated with pregnancy and is not seen as abnormal in some cultures
Risks
Children with pica are at an increased risk for: * Iron-deficiency anemia Lead poisoning * Parasitic infections
Screening
for * iron-deficiency anemia * parasitic infestation * lead intoxication is always indicated.
Enuresis
The infant has coordinated, reflex voiding as often as 15 to 20 times per day
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Girls typically acquire bladder control before boys, and bowel control is typically achieved before urinary control. By 5 yr of age, 90-95% are nearly completely continent during the day and 80-85% are continent at night
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The transitional phase of voiding refers to: The period when children are acquiring bladder control.
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Enuresis
Voluntary or involuntary repeated discharge of urine into clothes or bed after developmental age when bladder control should be established . Diagnosis made when urine is voided twice a week for atleast 3 consecutive months or when clinically significant distress ocuurs in areas of child life as a result of wetting
Enuresis may be 1. Primary (90%) Nocturnal urinary control never achieved 2. Secondary (10%) The child was dry at night for aminimum period of 6 months and then enuresis occurs .
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Epidemiology
Approximately 60% of children with nocturnal enuresis are boys. Family history positive in 50% of cases. Although primary nocturnal enuresis may be polygenetic, candidate genes localized to chromosomes 12 and 13.
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3 Antidiuretic hormone lack of circadian rhythm /impaired response 4.Genetic factors, ; family history with 40% single parent 70%both parents ;with chromosomes8, 12 13q,22 the likely sites of the gene for enuresis mode of inheritance autosomal dominant
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A complete physical examination including palpation of the abdomen and rectal examination after voiding to assess the possibility of a chronically distended bladder. Uncomplicated enuresis no further evaluation The family whether the child snores loudly at night.
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examined carefully for neurologic and spinal abnormalities. There is an increased incidence of bacteriuria in enuretic girls, and, if found, it should be investigated and treated
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Urinalysis should be obtained after an overnight fast and evaluated for specific gravity or osmolality, or both, to exclude polyuria as a cause of frequency and incontinence and to ascertain that the concentrating ability is normal.
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If there are no daytime symptoms and if the physical examination and urinalysis are normal, and culture is negative, further evaluation for urinary tract pathology generally is not warranted. A renal ultrasonogram is reasonable in an older child with enuresis or in children who do not respond appropriately to therapy.
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Most commonly used pharmacological intervention is Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) Most serious side effect (rare) is hyponatremia, leading to seizures Imipramine can be used for refractory individuals Combination of behavioral and pharmacological treatment for refractory enuresis
Treatment
Fluid management Bladder training exercises Motivational therapy behavioral and psychopharmacologic methods Behavioral treatment attempted first . The bell and pad method of conditioning is a reasonable first approach. success rate of 75%,
Behavioral Treatment
Bladder capacity alarm: results were comparable with those obtained with the traditional bell and pad technique. Other procedures include reward systems, such as star charts, nighttime awakening to urinate, retention-control training, and fluid restriction.
Pharmacologic therapy
Is intended to treat the symptom of enuresis and is not curative.
One form of treatment is desmopressin acetate, synthetic analog of antidiuretic hormone and reduces urine production overnight.
It is available as a tablet, with a dosage of 0.2-0.6 mg at bedtime.
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reduce evening fluid intake, not used if the child has a systemic illness with vomiting or diarrhea. Hyponatremia ,nasal stuffiness ,head ache,epistaxsis -the nasal spray
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used for 3-6 mo, and then tapered off If tapering results in recurrent enuresis, the medication ,started again at the higher dosage. No adverse events with the long-term
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has been used in some children with primary nocturnal enuresis, but the response rate is low.
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Encopresis
Refers to the passage of feces into inappropriate places after a chronologic age of 4 yr (or equivalent developmental level). Subtypes include: 1. Retentive encopresis: Encopresis with constipation and overflow incontinence 2. Nonretentive encopresis: Encopresis without constipation and overflow incontinence
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Encopresis (cont.)
Encopresis may be: 1.Primary: persist from infancy onward 2.Secondary : may appear after successful toilet training two thirds of encopresis cases are of the retentive type and associated with chronic constipation;
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Encopresis (cont.)
younger than 4 yr of age, the male: female ratio for chronic constipation is 1:1. school-aged child, however, encopresis is more common in males
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Clinical Manifestations
The first consideration in management assessment of fecal retention. Rectal examination * A positive rectal examination is sufficient to document fecal retention * A negative rectal examination in the presence of encopresis requires plain abdominal roentgenograms. The presence of fecal retention is evidence of chronic constipation
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Treatment
The standard treatment approach to encopresis begins with 1. Clearance of impacted fecal material 2. Short-term use of mineral oil or laxatives to prevent further constipation. Concomitant behavioral management is also indicated. The focus of behavioral treatment should be on compliance with: 1. Regular postprandial toilet sitting and 2. adoption of a high-fiber diet.
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Treatment (cont.)
manual disimpaction is required before the treatment can begin; rarely megacolon is observed and referral to a gastroenterologist is required. Once impacted stool is removed, the combination of constipation management and simple behavior therapy done
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Treatment (cont.)
Encouragement to issue rewards for compliance to the child from the outset of treatment and to avoid power struggles with the child. Keeping records of the child's progress Long-term laxative use is contraindicated.
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Treatment (cont.)
tricyclic antidepressants tried with varying success Tricyclic antidepressants often cause or exacerbate constipation ,avoided in children with retentive encopresis Encopresis eventually resolves in most children, regardless of treatment approach.
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Summary
Encopresis refers to the passage of feces into inappropriate places after a chronologic age of 4 yr Subtypes include: Retentive encopresis and Nonretentive encopresis Encopresis may be: Primary or Secondary The first consideration in managing encopresis is assessment of fecal retention.
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Summary (cont.)
Primary encopresis in boys is associated with global developmental delays and enuresis, Secondary encopresis is associated with high levels of psychosocial stressors and conduct disorder the combination of constipation management and simple behavior therapy is successful in the majority of cases
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