Plants

Vishnu Shankar

Origin of plants

Evolution of plants began with photosynthetic algae. Both plants and green algae are eukaryotic, multi cellular, and photoautotrophic. They have similar genes. In terms of habitat, some algae live at the edges of shallow bodies of water

Plants vs. Green Algae

Plants Reproduction of haploid and diploid adults. Walled spores produces in sporangia Multicellular gametangia (structures responsible for producing gametes) Multicellular dependent embroyos Plants grow through apical meristems (plant growing taller)

Reproductive method causes variation within plants Every plant has the alternative generation

Plant Life Cycle

Haploid

Diploid

Spores, gametophyte, gametes Sporophyte

Two gametes form a zygote, diploid, become haploid through meiosis. Multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid - Phytes do ________ Haploid Multicellular organism (gametophyte); Diploid Multicellular (sporophyte) meiosis for haploid spores;

Bryophytes
No circulatory system Limited in size, not woody Mosses make up the majority of bryophytes
Found in moist forests, wetlands Some found in unlikely environments Adaptations to survive drying out and radiation

Bryophytes Life Cycle

Vascular Plants
Multicellular forms have roots and leaves Sporophyte is branched and NOT dependent on gametophytes unlike byrophytes. It has vasculature (i.e. xylem, phloem cells)
Xylem: water and minerals goes up Phloem: organic molecules go down

Seedless Vascular Plants

Can be subdivided into lycophytes and pterophytes Lycophytes include club mosses, spike mosses. (More complex than bryophytes) Pterophytes include ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns Common characteristics
Require moist environment Like byrophytes, sperm need to swin through water to reach the egg

Seed Plants
Have smaller gametophytes Multicellular, produces two types of spores.
Recall last slide, seedless plants have sporagia that produce only 1 type of spore.

Seed plants produce ovules and pollens, PRODUCES SEEDS!

How are seeds made?

Megaspore Female gametophyte (surrounded by integument), dependent on sporophyte Gametophyte makes egg Pollen grain produces by microspore When pollen (NOT sperm) finds gametophyte, it discharges sperm into egg. Egg food supply is female gametophyte Remember gametophyte is dependant on sporophyte Ovule = integument+megaspore+megas porangium Pollen = male gametophyte