Limit States

Flexure
Elastic
Plastic
Stability (buckling)
Shear
Deflection
Fatigue
Supports
Flexure
u n b
M M >
Elastic
Plastic
Stability (buckling)
a
b
n
M
M
>
O
LRFD ASD
90 . 0 =
b
67 . 1 = O
b
Flexure - Elastic
I
My
f =
S=I/c : Section Modulus (Tabulated Value)
S
M
I
c
M f
max
max max
= =
Flexure - Plastic
Flexure - Plastic
Z=(0.5A)a : Plastic Section Modulus (Tabulated Value)

M
p
= A
c
f
y
= A
t
f
y
= f
y
(0.5A) a = M
p
=Zf
y

M
p/
M
y
=Z/S
For shapes that are symmetrical about the axis of bending the plastic and elastic
neutral axes are the same
C=T
A
c
f
y
=A
t
f
y
A
c
=A
t
Flexure - Stability
M
p
is reached and section becomes fully plastic

Or

Flange Local Buckling (FLB) Elastically or Inelastically
Web Local Buckling (WLB) Elastically or Inelastically

Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB) Elastically or Inelastically

A beam has failed when:
Flexure - Stability
Slenderness Parameter
FLB

=b
f
/2t
f
WLB

=h/t
w
LTB

= L
b
/r
y
t
f
b
f
t
w
h

L
b
Flexure - Stability
FLB and WLB (Section B5 Table B4.1)
Evaluate Moment Capacity for Different
FLB

=b
f
/2t
f
WLB

=h/t
w
Compact
Non
Compact
Slender
M
p
M
r

r
Slenderness Parameter - Limiting Values
AISC B5 Table B4.1
pp 16.1-16
Slenderness Parameter - Limiting Values
AISC B5 Table B4.1
pp 16.1-17
Slenderness Parameter - Limiting Values
AISC B5 Table B4.1
pp 16.1-18
Flexure - Stability
FLB and WLB (Section B5 Table B4.1)

FLB

=b
f
/2t
f
WLB

=h/t
w
Compact
Non
Compact
Slender
M
p
M
r

r
Bending Strength of Compact Shapes
Lateral Torsional Buckling
Bending Strength of Compact Shapes
y
y p
F
E
r L 76 . 1 =
Bending Strength of Compact Shapes
Laterally Supported Compact Beams
x y p n
Z F M M = =
y
y p b
F
E
r L L 76 . 1 = <
Bending Strength of Compact Shapes
Bending Strength of Compact Shapes
Elastic Buckling
p x cr n
M S F M s =
2
7 . 0
76 . 6 1 1
7 . 0
95 . 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = >
EJc
h S F
h S
Jc
F
E
r L L
o x y
o x y
ts r b
( )
2
2
2
078 . 0 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
ts
b
o x ts b
b
cr
r
L
h S
Jc
r L
E C
F
t
x y r
S F M 7 . 0 =
Elastic Buckling
C
b
= factor to account for non-uniform bending within the unbraced length
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
A B C
M
max
0 . 3
3 4 3 5 . 2
5 . 12
max
max
s
+ + +
=
m
C B A
b
R
M M M M
M
C
See AISC table 3-1 p 3.10
Elastic Buckling
Elastic Buckling
Elastic Buckling
C
b
= factor to account for non-uniform bending within the unbraced length
0 . 3
3 4 3 5 . 2
5 . 12
max
max
s
+ + +
=
m
C B A
b
R
M M M M
M
C
R
m
= 1 for doubly symmetric cross sections and singly symmetric
subject to single curvature

Elastic Buckling
C
b
= factor to account for non-uniform bending within the unbraced length
( )
2
2
2
078 . 0 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
ts
b
o x ts b
b
cr
r
L
h S
Jc
r L
E C
F
t
Elastic Buckling
C
b
= factor to account for non-uniform bending within the unbraced length
x
w y
ts
S
C I
r =
2

=
channels for
2
shapes I symmetric doubly for 1
w
y
o
C
I
h
c
h
o
= distance between flange centroids = d-t
f

Bending Strength of Compact Shapes
Bending Strength of Compact Shapes
Inelastic Buckling
( )
p
p r
p b
r p p b n
M
L L
L L
M M M C M s
(
(

=
r b p
L L L < <
x y r
S F M 7 . 0 =
Linear variation between M
p
and M
r
Nominal Flexural Strength Compact Shapes
( )
2
2
2
078 . 0 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
ts
b
o x ts b
b
cr
r
L
h S
Jc
r L
E C
F
t
( )
r b p
b r p x cr
p
p r
p b
r p p b
p b p
n
L L L
L L M S F
M
L L
L L
M M M C
L L M
M < <

< s
s
(
(

<
= for
for
for
Nominal Flexural Strength NON-Compact Shapes
Most W- M- S- and C- shapes are compact

A few are NON-compact

NONE is slender

Webs of ALL hot rolled shapes in the manual are compact
FLB and LTB

Built-Up welded shapes can have non-compact or slender webs
FLB, WLB, LTB (AISC F4 and F5)

Nominal Flexural Strength NON-Compact Shapes
( )
for Manual in shapes rolled for /A
for
for

<
< < s

<
=
b r
r p p
p r
p
r p p
p p
n
N
M M M M
M
M





WLB

t
b

f
f
2
=
F
E

y
p
38 . 0 =
F
E

y
r
0 . 1 =
Design of Beams - Limit States
Flexure
Elastic
Plastic
Stability (buckling)
Shear
Deflection
Design for Shear



Large concentrated loads placed
near beam supports
Rigid connection of beams and
columns with webs on the same
plane
Notched or coped beams
Heavily loaded short beams
Thin webs in girders

Design for Shear
V: Vertical shear at the section under consideration
Q: First moment about of neutral axis of area of the
cross section between point of interest and top
or bottom of section (depends on y)
I: Moment of inertia of section
b: width of section at point of interest
Design for Shear
Web fails before flanges
d/b=2 Error ~3%
d/b=1 Error ~12%
d/b=1/4 Error 100%
Small width b
Nominal Strength if no buckling:
y
w
n
V
F
A
V
f 6 . 0 = = w y n
A F V 6 . 0 =
Average Shear Stress
Design for Shear
Yielding
Inelastic Buckling
Elastic Buckling
Failure of Web due to Shear:
h/t
w
h/t
w
>260 Stiffeners are required
Appendix F2
Design for Shear
AISC Specs G pp 16.1-64
Shear Strength must be sufficient to satisfy
u n V
V V > |
resistance factor for shear=0.9
nominal shear strength
depends on failure mode
maximum shear based on the
controlling combination for factored
loads
LRFD
a
V
n
V
V
>
O
Safety factor
maximum shear based on the
controlling combination for service
loads
ASD
AISC Spec requirements for Shear
v w y n
C A F V 6 . 0 =
C
v
depends on whether the limit state is web yielding, web inelastic
buckling or web elastic buckling
AISC Spec requirements for Shear
y w
F
E
t
h
24 . 2 s
Special Case for Hot Rolled I shapes with
5 . 1
1
1
= O
=
=
V
V
V
C
|
Most W shapes with
ksi 50 s
y
F
AISC Spec requirements for Shear Chapter G
All other doubly and singly symmetric shapes except round HSS
DEFLECTIONS
AISC Specs Chapter L
Serviceability Limit State
Use deflection formulas in AISC Part 3 Or standard
analytical or numerical methods

Calculate due to UNFACTORED (service) loads
Governing Building Code, IBC
etc
Deflections due to Service Loads
Limiting Value
<
Design
Shear is rarely a problem in rolled steel beams
usual practice



Design for Flexure and Check for Shear and Deflections
Or
Design for Deflections and Check for Flexure and Shear
Design
Compute Required Moment Strength M
u
or M
a

Weight of Beam can be assumed and verified or ignored and checked
after member is selected

Select shape that satisfies strength requirements

A) Assume shape, compute strength, compare with required, revise if
necessary or
B) Use beam design aids in Part 3 of the Manual

Check Shear and deflections