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MARKETS ARE NOT HOMOGENEOUS. A COMPANY CANNOT CONNECT WITH ALL CUSTOMERS IN LARGE, BROAD, OR DIVERSE MARKETS. CONSUMERS VARY ON MANY DIMENSIONS & OFTEN CAN BE GROUPED ACCORDING TO ONE OR MORE CHARACTERISTICS. A COMPANY NEEDS TO IDENTIFY WHICH MARKET SEGMENTS IT CAN SERVE EFFECTIVELY. SUCH DECISIONS REQUIRE A KEEN UNDERSTANDING OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR & CAREFUL STRATEGIC THINKING. MARKETERS SOMETIMES MISTAKENLY PURSUE THE SAME MARKETING SEGMENTS AS MANY OTHER FIRMS & OVERLOOK SOME POTENTIALLY MORE LUCRATIVE SEGMENTS.
Segment marketing
Segment & sector
A flexible market offering consists of 2 parts: - a naked solution containing the product & service elements that all segment members value & - discretionary options that some segment members value Market segments can be defined in many ways. One way is to identify preference segments - e.g., ice cream buyers preference for sweetness & creaminess: #homogeneous #diffused #clustered
Different segments
Creaminess (a) Homogeneous: buyers with same preferences Sweetness
Creaminess
. . .. .
Sweetness
(b) Diffused: consumer preferences scattered. 1st brand likely to appeal to most people, 2nd fight for market share or locate in a corner
Creaminess
..
. Sweetness
(c) Clustered: Neutral segments shows 3 options Concentrated marketing, may offer several brands
Niche marketing
An attractive niche market characterised as follows:
THE CUSTOMERS IN THE NICHE MARKET HAVE A DISTINCT SET OF NEEDS; THEY WILL PAY A PREMIUM TO THE FIRM THAT BEST SATISFIES THEIR NEEDS; THE NICHE IS NOT LIKELY TO ATTRACT OTHER COMPETITORS; THE NICHE GAINS CERTAIN ECONOMIES THROUGH SPECIALISATION; & THE NICHE HAS SIZE, PROFIT, & GROWTH PIOTENTIAL. WHEREAS SEGMENTS ARE FAIRLY LARGE & NORMALLY ATTRACT SEVERAL COMPETITORS, NICHE ARE FAIRLY SMALL & NORMALLY ATTRACT ONLY ONE OR TWO.
Local marketing
Reflects a growing trend called grassroots marketing: Marketing activities concentrate on getting as close & personally relevant to individual customers as possible: e.g. - Nikes initial foray A large part of this is experiential marketing, The idea is not to sell something, but to demonstrate how a brand can enrich a customers life Pine & Gilmore argue that we are on the threshold of the Experience Economy, a new economic era in which businesses must orchestrate memorable events for their customers Those who favour localised marketing see national advertising as a waste. Counterpoint is brands overall image gets diluted if product & messages differ across localities
Customerisation
Customerisation combines operationally driven mass customisation with customised marketing in a way that empowers consumers to design the product & service offering of their choice. Segment versus individuals
Geographic segmentation
Demographic segmentation
Age & life-cycle stage
Life stage
Gender Income Generation Social class
Psychographic segmentation
VALs II:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Innovators Thinkers Achievers Experiencers Believers Strivers Makers
8.
Survivors
Thinkers
Achievers
Experiencers
Believers
Strivers
Makers
Survivors
Actualisers: Enjoy finer things Receptive to new products, technology, distribution Skeptical of advertising Frequent readers of a wide variety of publications; light TV viewers Principle oriented: Little interest in image or prestige Above-average consumer for home products Like educational & public affairs programming; read widely & often Status oriented: Attached to premium products Prime target for a variety of products Average TV watchers, read business, news, & self-help publications Action oriented: Follow fashion & fads Spend much of the disposable income in socialising Buy on impulse; attend to advertising; listen to rock music
Believers: Buy American Slow to change habits, look for bargains Watch TV more than average; read retirement, home & garden, & general interest magazines Strivers: Image conscious Limited discretionary incomes but carry credit balances Spend on clothing & personal care products; prefer TV to reading Makers: Shop for comfort, durability, value Unimpressed by luxuries Buy the basics, listen to radio; Read auto, home mechanics, fishing, outdoor magazines Strugglers: Brand loyal Use coupons & watch for sales Trust advertising; watch TV often; read tabloids & womens magazines
Behavioural segmentation
Buyers are divided into groups on the basis of their knowledge of, attitude toward, use of, or response to a product Decision roles: - initiator - influencer - decider - buyer - user Behavioural variables: - occasions
- user status: nonusers, ex-users, potential users, first-time users, & regular users - usage rate: light, medium, heavy - buyer-readiness stage: unaware, aware, informed, interested, desire, intend to buy - loyalty status:
1. 2. 3. 4. Hard-core loyals Split loyals Shifting loyals Switchers
SEGMENT DESCRIPTION Conservative Traditional 23% of population 38% of population 16% of total sales 40% of total sales 35 55 years old 25 49 years old Conservative traditional Satisfied with Active, busy, independpresent status dent, self-confident Has job, not career Family-& job/careeroriented Limited disposable income Considerable income Price-driven, reacts to Quality-driven, will sales pay a little more Wants easy care & Wants traditional styling, comfort seeks clothes that last Not interested in Interested in newness fashion Defines value as price, Defines value as quality, quality, & fashion fashion & price B. Conservative Budget Basic styles, easy-care fabrics RETAIL OFFERING Traditional Moderate Traditional styling, good quality
A.
Update 16% of population 40% of total sale 25 49 years old Contemporary Active, busy, independent, very self-confident Family-& job/careeroriented Considerable income Fashion-driven, expresses self thru apparel Wants newness in colour & style Shops often Defines value as fashion quality, & price
Update Moderate to better Fashion-forward, more selection, comfortable fit, tailored look, new colours Alice, Cable Lane Joneswear, Worthington, Claude, Mary McFadden, Russ Togs, Halston Russ Togs, Halston, Dockers Jacqueline, Ferrar Price signing, save stories Well-coordinated merchandise Colour statements, mannequins, stack-out tables collections, uncluttered displays, theme areas knowledgeable salespeople
Behavioural segmentation breakdown Target market Unaware Not tried Negative neutral favourable opinion opinion Aware Tried Repeater Not yet Rejector tried Switcher Loyal to brand Heavy user
Regular user
The conversion model: developed to measure the strength of psychological commitment between brands & consumers & their openness to change. To determine the ease with which a consumer can be converted to another choice, the model assesses commitment based on factors such as consumer attitudes toward & satisfaction with brand choices in a category & the importance of the decision to select a brand in the category. - Model segments users of brands into 4 groups:
1. Convertible 2. Shallow 3. Average 4. Entrenched Also classifies non-users, basis openness to try brand: 1. Strongly unavailable 2. Weakly unavailable 3. Ambivalent 4. Available
MARKET TARGETING
Steps in segmentation process Effective segmentation criteria Evaluating & selecting the market segments Additional considerations
6.
7.
Evaluate segments overall attractiveness & companys objectives & resources. Then look at 5 patterns of target market selection: Single-segment concentration (e.g., M1P2)
Differentiated marketing costs: product modification costs manufacturing costs administrative costs inventory costs promotion costs
M1
M2
M3
P1
P2
P3
P= Product; M= Market
Additional considerations
Segment-by-segment invasion plans
market partitioning: For example car buying: # brand-dominant hierarchy earlier # nation-dominant hierarchy now