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MULTIPLE ACCESS CDMA SPECTRUM CDMA CODES CDMA CHANNELS CDMA CALL PROCESSING CDMA PERFOMANCE INDICATORS HARD HANDOFF
MULTIPLE ACCESS
PROCESSING GAIN Processing Gain is a term common to all direct sequence spread spectrum systems. Process gain is defined as the ratio of the Chip Rate (Rc) to the information bit rate (Rb). This provides a measure of ``spreading'' in the system.
Processing Gain = Rc / Rb
Chip Rate (Rc): The Chip Rate is the rate at which the PN sequence is generated. For CDMA, IS95, the chip rate is 1.2288 * 10 ^ 6 cps (chips per second).
Bit Rate (Rb): The bit rate is base band user information (i.e. user voice/data) rate. In CDMA, voice is digitized at different rates depending on the speech activity level. The system parameters presented in this discussion are based on a maximum bite rate of 9.6 kbps and 14.4 kbps per IS95 For CDMA (IS95A/B): Ex.Rc = 1.2288 Mcps, Rb = 14.4 kbps (max), resulting in a Processing Gain of 85.33 (19.3 dB).
USER TRAFFIC
CDMA SPECTRUM
Reverse link
825 MHz
846.5 MHz
869 MHz A A
880 MHz B
890 MHz A
894 MHz B
Forward link
870 MHz
891.5 MHz
1.23MHz
45 MHz
Frequency
881.68 MHz
=
U1 = 0110010101001000 C1 ( 100110.10110010) U1 = 0110010101001000
=
U1C1 ( 1001100000) U2C2*C1 = 0, U2*C2*C2 = U2
U2C2
U3C3 U4C4 UnCn
CDMA CODES
CODES IN CDMA
Generation Sequence:
- Seed - Repeat: right & below - Invert: diagonally
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
Walsh Codes
0000000000011111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556666 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 6 6 6 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 ... 0 1 2 3
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110
Orthogonal Spreading
1
0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
Pattern to be Transmitted
Orthogonal Spreading
+1
-1 User Data
Orthogonal Sequence
0110
0110
0110
0110
0110
0110
1001
0110
1001
Tx Data 1 0 0 1 +1
-1
0110
0110 0000 0
0110
0110 0000 0
1001
0110 1111 1
1001
0110 1111 1
-1
0110
0101 0011 ?
0110
0101 0011 ?
1001
0101 1100 ?
1001
0101 1100 ?
Example: Spreading
+1 -1 Spread Waveform Representation of User Bs signal +1 -1 +1 -1 Analog Signal Formed by the Summation of the Three Spread Signals +1 Spread Waveform Representation of User Cs signal C=11 Walsh Code for C = 0000 B=10 Walsh Code for B = 0011 Spread Waveform Representation of User As signal A=00 Walsh Code for A = 0101
-3
Despreading
+1
Received Composite Signal
-1 Average=(5-1)/4=1 0 Average=(5-1)/4=1 0
PN Code Generation
PN Code Generation
Masking
Mask
Transmitted Sequence
001
010 011
7
6 4
1001011
0010111 1011100
100
101 110 111
5
1 3 2
0101110
1100101 0111001 1110010
Quadrature Spreading
Offset I PN Code
1011000010110
0110111001011 I
1101111011101
To Baseband Filter
Q 0110111001011 0010100100000
0100011101011
Offset Q PN Code
Quadrature PSK
10
00
11
-sinwct (logic 0) sinwct (logic 1)
01
Orthogonal QPSK
tb
I-Channel Input Data
b0
b1
b2
b3
b4
tb
Q-Channel Input Data
a0
a1
a2
a3
CDMA CHANNELS
Physical Channel
Physical channels are described in terms of a wideband RF channel and code sequence. As defined in IS95, each RF channel is 1.2288 MHz wide. For each RF channel, there are 64 Walsh sequences (W0 through W63) available for use on the forward link. These Walsh sequences are commonly referred to as CDMA code channels.
Logical Channel
The physical channel that carry specific types of information are known as logical channels. Logical channels in CDMA are divided into two categories: Traffic Channels and Control Channels. For the forward link there are three types of Control/Signaling channels and one Traffic Channel (per user). For the Reverse Link there is one type Signaling Channel and one Traffic Channel per user. It is important to note that signals on the forward link are identified by Walsh codes, however, signals on the reverse link are identified by Long Codes.
the signal with the RF carrier, 2. Low Pass Filtering the resulting wide band signal, 3. Demodulating with the signal with the known spreading sequence, and 4. Integrating the despread signal over a bit time to recover the information signal
Four RF
AIR INTERFACE
Control Channels
Downlink
Uplink
Pilot
Sync
Paging
Access
AIR INTERFACE
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
SPEECH or DATA
ASSOCIATED SIGNALLING
1/2
1/4
1/8
Power Control
The logical channel requirements of the reverse link must provide for the identification and access request by the mobile unit to the base stations in the area and the voice/data transmission from the mobile unit to the base station. The reverse link is composed of: Access Channels and Traffic Channels. These channels share the same CDMA center frequency on the reverse link (a different frequency is used for forward link transmissions). The total number of channels( max 55) is determined by base station activity. .. The reverse link capability of a given base station is limited by the number of traffic channels assigned (up to 55) and up to seven (7) access channels (correlating to a maximum of 7 paging channels). Note that a mobile does not ``tie up'' an access channel, it only borrows it for a short amount of time.
Pilot Channel
The Pilot Channel allows a mobile station to acquire the timing of the Forward Traffic Channel user information. It provides a phase reference for coherent demodulation and provides a means for signal strength comparisons between base stations, which is used to determine when to handoff. It consists of the un-modulated spreading sequences (PN short codes). The Pilot signal is transmitted continuously on Walsh 0 by each CDMA base station at the transmitter (cell/sector) level.
Sync Channel
The Synchronization Channel is an encoded, interleaved and modulated spread spectrum signal that is used with the Pilot Channel to acquire initial system time and synchronization. The sync channel is always transmitted on Walsh 32.
Paging Channel
The Paging Channel is used for transmission of control information to the mobile. When a mobile is to receive a call it will receive a ``page'' from the base station. Up to seven (7) channels may be configured for paging depending on the expected demand. Page channel messaging to each user takes place in an 80 ms ``slot''. The 80 ms slots are grouped into cycles of 2048 slots (cycle duration 163.84 s) referred to as maximum slot cycles. The base station can limit the maximum slot cycle used by the mobile.
Access Channel
The Access Channel is used for the transmission of control information to the base station. When a mobile is to place a call it uses the ``access'' channel to inform the base station. This channel is also used when responding to a ``page''. Each Access Channel is identified by a distinct ``Access Channel Long PN Code ''. An Access Channel is selected randomly by the mobile unit from the total number of access channels available from the serving cell/sector.
Traffic Channel
The Traffic Channel carries all the calls (voice or data signal) from a given base station to all the mobile units active in the coverage area or vice versa. Each user has a dedicated TCH, and corresponding Walsh code, on the down link. The forward traffic channel message consists of user voice (or data), power control data, and error correction bits. The message is transmitted as a series of traffic frames. The traffic channel may also carry signaling information with or in place of user voice (or data). A Walsh code is assigned by the base station for each Traffic Channel in use. The Traffic Channel for the reverse link is identical to the forward link Traffic Channel in function and structure. Each traffic channel is identified by a ``User Long PN Code'' which is unique to each CDMA user.
Channel Decoding
Bit Deinterleaving
Quadrature Despreading
INTERLEAVING IN FEC
Concolution Encoding
Channel Decoding
Quadrature Spreading
Pilot Channel
I Pilot PN sequence 1.2288 Mcps Walsh W0
BB
To QPSK Modulator
All 0s
1.2288 Mcps
BB
Q Pilot PN sequence 1.2288 Mcps
26.67 ms frame period, repeated 75 times a second. Pilot channels are kept at 4-6 dB higher then rest of the channels
BB
To QPSK Modulator
2.4 Ksps
19.2 Ksps
BB
31 Information Bits
32 bits / 26.67 ms
Convolutional encoder not zeroed out after each frame No CRC bits at frame level, SOM (Start Of Message)
Paging Channel
Paging Channel Message Convolutional Encoder
4.8/ 9.6 Kbps
Rate=1/2,
19.2 Ksps
Block Interleaver
19.2 Ksps
Walsh W1-7
BB
1.2288 Mcps
To QPSK Modulator
64:1
BB
BB
Block Interleaver Mux
19.2 Ksps 24:1 1.2288 Mcps
To QPSK Modulator
BB
64:1
Decimator
Decimator
14.4 Ksps
Symbol Repetition
28.8 Ksps
Block Interleaver
BB
To QPSK Modulator
Long-code Mask
1.2288 Mcps
BB
Q Pilot PN 1.2288 Mcps
20 ms
88
Information Bits
8 Tail Bits
Tail Bits Zero Convolutional Encoder, No CRC Bits At Frame Level Preamble Comprised of Zero Filled Frames
Block Interleaver
28.8 Ksps
BB
64-ary Orthogonal Modulator 4.8
Ksps
1.2288 Mcps
To QPSK Modulator
BB
1.2288 Mcps
Long-code Mask
Summary of Codes PN Long Code The Long Code is a PN sequence that is 2^42 1 bits (chips) long. It is generated at a rate of 1.2288 Mbps (or Mcps) giving it a period (time before the sequence repeats) of approximately 41.4 days. The long code is used to encrypt user information. Both the base station and the mobile unit have knowledge of this sequence at any given instant in time based on a specified private ``long code mask'' that is exchanged. PN Short Code The Short Code is a PN sequence that is 2 ^ 15 bits (chips) in length. This code is generated at 1.2288 Mbps (or Mcps) giving a period of 26.67 ms. This code is used for final spreading of the signal and is transmitted as a reference known as the ``Pilot Sequence'' by the base station. All base stations use the same short code. Base stations are differentiated from one another by transmitting the PN short code at different ``offsets'' in absolute. Walsh Codes CDMA defines a group of 64 orthogonal sequences, each 64 bits long, known as Walsh Codes. These sequences are also referred to as Wash Functions. These codes are generated at 1.2288 Mbps (Mcps) with a period of approximately 52 s. These are used to identify users on the forward link. For this reason they are also referred to as either Walsh Channels or TCH. All base stations and mobile users have knowledge of all Walsh codes.