Sensory distortions Change in the intensity and the quallity of the stimulus or the spacial form of pereption Sensory

deceptions illusions and hallucinations

Hyperaesthesia

Hypoaesthesia

Mainly visual perceptions

Micropsia Macropsia/megalopsia Metamorphopsia

Cause may be central or peripheral

Physical Personal..personal judgement of the passage of time

Illusions hallucinations

Normal Organic disorders

Completion illusions Affect illusions Pareidolia

Must be distinguished from 1 hallucinations 2 intellectual misunderstanding 3 functional hallucination 4 trailing phenomena

Perception without an object This defnition does not cover functional hallucinations and excludes dreams

A false perception which is not a sensory distortion or misinterpretation but which occurs at the same time as real perceptions JASPERS

HALLUCINATIONS

MENTAL IMAGES

Substantial Objective space Clearly delineated Constant

Independent of the will Sensory elements full and fresh

Incomplete Subjective space Not clearly delineated Inconstant and has to be recreated Dependent on the will Relatively insufficient

Clear and vivid Lack the substantiality of perceptions Full consciousness Not real perceptions Located in the subjective space

Emotions(severe depression/schiz) Suggestion Disorders of a peripheral sensory organ(diseases of ear/eye) Sensory deprivation CNS leisions(lesions of diencephalon and the cortex)

Illusions Pseudohallucinations Hypnogogic and hypnopompic images Normal perceptions

Elementary or organised Imperative hallucinations Third person hallucinations Gedankenlautwerden or echo de la pensee (thought echo or thought sonorisation)

Elementary or completely organised Scenic hallucinations(epilepsy) Lilliputian hallucinations Charles bonnet syndrome

Seen in schizophrenia,organic states and depressive psychosis Unpleasant usually Pleasant..Padre Pio phenomenon
Must be distinguished from delusions

Brain disease and schizophrenia Superficial thermic/haptic/hygric/Paraesthetic Kinaesthetic(alcohol /benzodiazepine withdrawal) Visceral pain/delusional zoopathy/

Sense of presence..not strictly a sense deception and not a delusion Normal/schizophrenia/hysteria

Presence of hallucinations in any sensory modality in the absence of any other psychotic symptoms
Alcoholic hallucinosis ..auditory

Organic hallucinosis (eg: dementia) auditory or visual

Functional hallucinations Reflex hallucinations Extracampine hallucinations Autoscopy or phantom mirror images Hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucinations Organic hallucinations

Autoscopy or phantom mirror images healthy individuals/hysterical states/schizophrenia/delirium/epilepsy/pariet o-occipital lesions/toxic infective states Negativr autoscopy Internal autoscopy

Hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucinations

Not indicative of any psychopathology Can occur in narcolepsy

Organic hallucinations Visual..eye disorders/CNS lesions/optic tract lesions/charles bonnet syndrome Phantom limb..

Hyperschemazia (Browm sequards/PVOD/MS/PICA thrombosis) Hypochondriasis/depersonalisation/conversio n

Ashemazia or hyposchemazia MCA thrombosis/transaction of the spinal cord/healthy individuals under water Distingiush from nihilistic delusions

Paraschemazia Hallucinogenic use/epileptic aura/migraine

Hemisomatgnosia..migraine/epileptic aura AnosognosiaCVA non dominent hemisphere

Somatoparaphrenia Bizarre attitude towards the paralyzed limb.a Hemispatial neglect eg gerstmen syndrome..agraphia/acalculia/finger agnosia/rt lft disorientation